https://help18.whiz.me/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=SMBeta 2026-06-17T15:43:26Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=What%27s_new_in_SuperMemo_18%3F&diff=10623 2019-04-26T19:50:53Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Other */</p> <hr /> <div>== Update ==<br /> <br /> '''valid as for Aug 5, 2018'''<br /> <br /> == Learning ==<br /> * '''[https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_Algorithm Algorithm SM-18]''' with a new approach to determining item difficulty<br /> * new [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Universal_metric_for_cross-comparison_of_spaced_repetition_algorithms universal algorithm metric]<br /> * simplified editing of repetition histories (e.g. ''Aug 15, 1995'' or ''Int=6'' are allowed instead of full repetition data)<br /> * recalibrating [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_Algorithm SuperMemo Algorithm] to rely on ''E(SInc[])'' rather than ''SInc[]''<br /> * maximum interval increased to 120 years (previously 10,000 days, i.e. 37 years)<br /> * repetition history can be used to override learning parameters<br /> * '''Undo Repetition''' (items are made pending when the last record is deleted)<br /> * grade undo is possible by editing the last repetition history record (or '''Undo Repetition''')<br /> <br /> == Interface ==<br /> * 40 predefined themes (''skins'')<br /> * each collection can use its own theme (''skin'')<br /> * all toolbars available as tabs at the bottom of the element window<br /> * parenting [[browser]] with [[element window]] make it possible to use all its shortcuts<br /> <br /> == Performance ==<br /> * SuperMemo 18 has been recompiled with Delphi 10.2 Tokyo<br /> * minimizing add on units to capitalize on native Delphi support<br /> * resetting statistics at Memorized=0 does not reset the collection, only deletes files<br /> <br /> == Bugs fixed ==<br /> * ''https://'' image import could fail for not ''http://'' equivalent<br /> * occasionally, RTF files would fail to upgrade to HTML (old format retained)<br /> * '''Alarm : Start''' could instantly raise the alarm for time&gt;0<br /> <br /> == Warnings ==<br /> * No more floating toolbars<br /> * No more toolbar dock<br /> * No more translation import and export via text<br /> * '''Window:Select:Next window''' removed<br /> * No more ''stray repetition'' export from repetition history<br /> * Additional repetition history warnings ''Wrong repetition, grade and lapses match'' can only be fixed manually (e.g. '''Fix and Edit''')<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> * simplified code with a great deal of refactoring<br /> * 440 improvements and bug fixes</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=What%27s_new_in_SuperMemo_18&diff=10622 2019-04-26T19:49:29Z

<p>SMBeta: Redirected page to What&#039;s new in SuperMemo 18?</p> <hr /> <div>#redirect [[What's new in SuperMemo 18?]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Priority_queue&diff=10621 2019-04-16T21:56:59Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Can we learn the entire Encyclopedia Britannica? */</p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> == Priority queue: Introduction ==<br /> <br /> Human knowledge resources are vast. Our appetite to acquire knowledge is usually exceeding our learning capacity. Incremental learning makes it easy to import huge volumes of knowledge. However, if you cannot effectively process all that imported knowledge, you risk neglecting high priority material by being overwhelmed by subjects that might be relegated to later study. This state of affair was the main reason for introducing [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] in SuperMemo.<br /> <br /> In incremental learning, all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] are organized into a sequence determined by their [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]. That sequence is called the '''priority queue'''. The [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] is determined by the importance of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] for a particular student. [[Glossary:Element|Elements]] with lower [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] will be sacrificed first when the student runs out of learning time on a given day. As a result, only high-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Element|elements]] will receive the desired level of recall/[[Glossary:Retention|retention]]. At any point in time, [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with lower [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] will be more likely to be discovered as forgotten.<br /> <br /> During learning, on a given day, [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with highest [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] are processed first.<br /> <br /> If you do not finish your learning for a day, do not despair. With the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]], you know you did your best and only lower priority material was left behind. Remember to use [[Glossary:Auto-sort|auto-sort]] and [[Glossary:Auto-postpone|auto-postpone]] to make the most of the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]].<br /> <br /> == Can we learn the entire Encyclopedia Britannica? ==<br /> <br /> Early in the learning process, many students do not bother to prioritize their learning material. This attitude is caused by two factors:<br /> <br /> * smaller volume of memorized material early in the process (and lesser cost of review)<br /> * false conviction that human memory is vast enough to hold all that dream knowledge<br /> <br /> Do you think you are able to memorize the entire [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica Encyclopedia Britannica] line by line, fact for fact?<br /> <br /> Chances are your answer might be: ''&quot;I might be too lazy, I might be too busy, but if I had all the time of my day for the job, I would&quot;''. Or perhaps ''&quot;I might not, but I have heard of geniuses able to do it! How about [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Peek Kim Peek]?&quot;''. If you believe the encyclopedia is within the realm of possible, you will soon realize that you desperately need the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] to help you overcome a big surprise: our memory is far more limited than you think!<br /> <br /> Assuming we do not deal with humans affected with a mutation to their memory system, memorizing [https://britannica.com Britannica] would falsify the [http://super-memory.com/articles/theory.htm theory of SuperMemo] which should apply to all healthy adults. In the light of SuperMemo, memorizing [https://britannica.com Britannica] verges on impossible. There are 44 million words in Britannica's 32 volumes. This translates to 6 million SuperMemo [[Glossary:Item|items]] (&quot;human memory bits&quot;) assuming the average keyword extraction on information dense texts as 1:7. Assuming a 50-year learning span, we get to 18,250 days and 330 [[Glossary:Item|items]] per day. Assuming optimum representation of knowledge (say [https://britannica.com Britannica] is already &quot;[https://supermemo.guru/wiki/20_rules_of_knowledge_formulation perfectly formulated]&quot;) you cannot learn faster for a given level of [[Glossary:Retention|knowledge retention]] than with SuperMemo (it simply finds the mathematical optimum). Practice shows it is very difficult to sustain more than 100 [[Glossary:Item|items]] per day in the long run with [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] around 95%. In other words, for an intelligent man, for perfectly formulated Britannica knowledge, with SuperMemo, you are hardly able to accomplish the goal with your whole life devoted to the task!<br /> <br /> == Volume vs. retention battle in learning ==<br /> <br /> [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|Incremental reading]] makes it easy to import large volumes of learning material from the Internet. By default, all imported material enters the learning process. As a result, large volumes of unprocessed information begin to compete for your attention with most important pieces of knowledge that you decided to remember. It is a clash of priorities. On one hand you want to ensure high [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of your mission-critical knowledge (as in classical SuperMemo), on the other, you want to devour more and more new knowledge.<br /> <br /> Before SuperMemo, your learning would largely be based on reading and reviewing books or your own notes. With older SuperMemos, you would divide your time between reading (on paper) and repetitions (on the computer). With [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], those competing processes were blended into one. You can read and review concurrently in SuperMemo. However, for the most avid incremental readers, the balance of priority will always dangerously shift in favor of new reading at the cost of the previously acquired knowledge. This comes from human nature. New reading provides instant gratification: ''&amp;quot;Today, I have learned something new. I am wiser now&amp;quot;''. Reviewing the material you already know will always feel like a burden. We are always unhappy with our forgetful memory. It always feels that the nature should have given us a natural choice of what to forget and what to remember without the painful effort of reviewing what we already know.<br /> <br /> To settle the Volume-vs-Retention battle and to resolve the perpetual clash of priorities, you need better weapons than those made available by older SuperMemos. Before the arrival of the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] (2006), you would need to use a complex set of tools to employ massive learning and still protect the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of your most important knowledge. You would use complex concepts such as [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]], [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]], [[subset learning]], [[Postpone|selective postpones]], [[Browser menu|repetition sorting]], etc. These tools were poorly automated and required substantial effort and knowledge on your part. In practice, most incremental readers would have to opt for the simplest prioritization tool: ''moderation''. You could best protect your previous investment in learning by limiting your hunger for knowledge.<br /> <br /> Newer SuperMemos use a simple and fully automated mechanism that will help you combine high volumes of reading with high [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of the most important material. This mechanism is based on the concept of the '''[[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]'''.<br /> <br /> == Priority bias in incremental reading ==<br /> <br /> In SuperMemo, each [[Glossary:Element|element]] receives a [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] from &lt;code&gt;0%&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;100%&lt;/code&gt;. [[Glossary:Element|Elements]] sorted by their [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] form the ''[[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]''. An [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] can also be expressed as its position in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]. The most important [[Glossary:Element|element]] in your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] will sit at &lt;code&gt;Position=1&lt;/code&gt; of the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]. The queue is a relative queue. This means that if you, for example, insert an important article at &lt;code&gt;Position=3&lt;/code&gt;, all [[Glossary:Item|items]] and articles at higher positions will be shifted by one position up in the queue (i.e. towards lower [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]). Thus the [[Glossary:Element|element]] at &lt;code&gt;Position=999&lt;/code&gt; will be pushed to &lt;code&gt;Position=1000&lt;/code&gt;, while the [[Glossary:Element|element]] previously sitting at &lt;code&gt;Position=3&lt;/code&gt; will now occupy &lt;code&gt;Position=4&lt;/code&gt;. The first two [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the queue, i.e. &lt;code&gt;Position=1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Position=2&lt;/code&gt;, will not move. The relative nature of the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] will help you instantly inspect the current [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of each [[Glossary:Element|element]] in your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. In earlier versions of SuperMemo, you could observe crowding of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] at high-priority ranks. For example, you could amass a large number of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] with &lt;code&gt;[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]]=1.01&lt;/code&gt; and be practically unable to prioritize within that group. (&lt;code&gt;[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]]=1.01&lt;/code&gt; is the lowest possible and would correspond to the highest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]).<br /> <br /> The fundamental rationale for using a relative [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] is the existence of a form of cognitive bias, which we will call the ''priority bias''. This bias makes us always think that the newly found article is extremely important to read. The new article feels so important, because we underestimate the value of all the previously imported articles. Our memory is unable to produce an effective estimate of the importance of the current mass of remembered knowledge. Even less so is it capable of producing a remotely accurate estimate of the importance of the mass of knowledge stored in your [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process (of which, usually, only a tiny fraction is part of your long-term memories). The net effect is that we always underestimate the volume of what we know, the volume of what we keep in [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], and the importance distribution of those volumes of knowledge. This psychological mechanism is also the primary force that works against the universal adoption of SuperMemo. Humans are, by biological design, very weak at estimating the size of their knowledge, the cost of learning, and the power of forgetting. As a result, without an intimate knowledge of what SuperMemo is, individuals rarely ever pause to sense the need to use [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. This underestimation effect is by far more damaging in the case of [[Glossary:Incremental_learning|incremental learning]], which is far more complex and has still not been explained in sufficiently simple and catchy terms.<br /> <br /> By employing the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]], SuperMemo will help you visualize the ''priority bias'' and the process in which large volumes of new material quickly displace the old material from your learning focus. Moreover, SuperMemo highly automates the process in which you can handle material overflow and reconcile high [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] with high volumes of learning. [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|Incremental reading]] has always boasted of its capacity to bring the volume of learning to unprecedented levels. With the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]], you can nearly take away the ''moderation'' factor and increase the volume of learning even further without undue worry about your hard-earned knowledge.<br /> <br /> == Priority queue in SuperMemo ==<br /> <br /> You can define the [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] by:<br /> * pressing ''Alt+P'',<br /> * by clicking the '''Priority''' button ([[Image:Modify priority button.png|SuperMemo: Modify priority lets you set the priority of the current element]]) on the [[learnbar]], or<br /> * by choosing '''[[Element menu#Learning|Learning]] : Priority : Modify''' on the [[element menu]].<br /> <br /> [[Image:Element priority.jpg|center|800px|SuperMemo: &quot;Element priority&quot; dialog box which you can use to modify the priority of an element]] <br /> <br /> To set the [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s [[Glossary:Priority|priority]], you can either choose the position of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] (from &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt; to '''[[Statistics#Total|Total]]'''), or you can choose the percent value (from &lt;code&gt;0%&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;100%&lt;/code&gt;). &lt;code&gt;'''Position'''=1&lt;/code&gt; corresponds to &lt;code&gt;'''Percent'''=0%&lt;/code&gt;. Similarly, &lt;code&gt;'''Position'''='''[[Statistics#Total|Total]]'''&lt;/code&gt; corresponds to &lt;code&gt;'''Percent'''=100%&lt;/code&gt;.<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;bs-callout bs-callout-warning&quot;&gt;<br /> '''Low position and low percent mean high priority!''' This counterintuitive choice was made due to the fact that you are more likely to choose a high [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of &lt;code&gt;0%&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;1%&lt;/code&gt; than the low [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of &lt;code&gt;99%&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;100%&lt;/code&gt;. Typing the number ''2'' takes much less time than typing the number ''98'' (roughly 3-4 times less). As you are likely to set [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] manually many times in the course of a single learning session, this counterintuitive choice will save you a lot of typing time over years of learning. In the long run, you will probably be grateful for things set upside down in SuperMemo!<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> You can use '''[[Element menu#Learning|Learning]] : Priority : Increase''' on the [[element menu]] (''Shift+Ctrl+Up arrow'') to increase the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of an [[Glossary:Element|element]], or '''[[Element menu#Learning|Learning]] : Priority : Decrease''' (''Shift+Ctrl+Down arrow'') to decrease it. Those operations also affect the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]].<br /> <br /> You can view your entire [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] with '''[[View menu|View]] : [[View menu#Priority queue|Priority queue]]''' on the [[main menu]].<br /> <br /> == Prioritization is difficult before it becomes easy ==<br /> <br /> Everyone struggles with [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] as it is very hard to admit things are not as important as they seem. Of good things, there is a correlation between the hunger for knowledge and creativity. If you struggle with [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] and overflow then it might be a good indicator, as long as you win the battle and learn to prioritize honestly.<br /> <br /> To prioritize well, you only need to know that the most important material has [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] &lt;code&gt;0%&lt;/code&gt;, while your least important material is &lt;code&gt;100%&lt;/code&gt;. You need to develop a sense for where, in the queue, a piece of information belongs. If you think that everything is &amp;quot;top priority&amp;quot; then you are clearly at the beginning of the road. Pick two [[Glossary:Item|items]] and ask yourself a question: ''&amp;quot;If I was to forget/delete one, which one would that be?&amp;quot;'' This exercise will help you see different applications of different [[Glossary:Item|items]] and different value behind the applications. Another exercise is: try to give [[Glossary:Item|items]] as low [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] as you can stomach. Can you make it ''10%''? Would you be hurt if it was ''20%''? Would the world collapse if it was ''66%''? With some conscious effort you will realize that you can live without some portions of your knowledge (after all, most people do not use SuperMemo at all and survive ok). Over months of training, you will get better at this.<br /> <br /> If you keep peeking at the [[Statistics#Protection|'''Protection''' statistic]], you may also realize that sending [[Glossary:Item|items]] beyond your average priority protection will help you clear them from view for a while. This way, if you have created too many [[Glossary:Cloze_deletion|cloze deletions]] that crowd your process, you might actually enjoy sending most of them out of the protected zone, and focus on just one or two that capture the essence of knowledge you are trying to learn.<br /> <br /> SuperMemo will not help you much in the prioritization work unless you manually play with [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] (e.g. by saying &amp;quot;''this cannot wait 30 days, I must see it in 11''&amp;quot;). This tell SuperMemo that the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] must increase slightly.<br /> <br /> == Sorting repetitions ==<br /> <br /> In a high-volume [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process, you will be served more [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in a single day than you could possibly manage to process in a week (or worse). It is therefore vital that you begin your review process from [[Glossary:Element|elements]] of the highest priority. Low-priority [[Glossary:Element|elements]] might linger in the queue for months or years. High-priority [[Glossary:Item|items]] should be reviewed at the exact time that SuperMemo finds optimum. Only this way will you be able to meet your ''[https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#requested_forgetting_index requested forgetting index]'' criteria for high-priority material while still being under no pressure to limit your hunger for knowledge. In simpler terms, in an overloaded learning process, the SuperMemo promise of &amp;quot;excellent memory&amp;quot; will only apply to your top-priority material. The lower the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]], the lower the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] (see: '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Graphs|Graphs]] : Forgetting index vs. Priority''' for empirical evidence).<br /> <br /> By default, your repetitions will be '''auto-sorted''' at the beginning of each learning day (unless you uncheck '''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Sorting|Sorting]] : Auto-sort repetitions'''). This means that the [[Glossary:Element|elements]] reviewed on a given day will be ordered by [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]. In addition to [[Glossary:Auto-sort|auto-sorting]], you can also sort the learning queue manually at any time with '''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Sorting|Sorting]] : Sort now'''.<br /> <br /> You will quickly discover that a precise sort executed strictly along the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] criteria has serious flaws. On one hand, due to the [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]], you will quickly displace older high-quality material with whatever dominates your current interests. That would be a throwback to your pre-SuperMemo times when you kept reading new material, while forgetting your previous investment in learning. New material always feels very important and will always show a tendency to shift all your previous learning towards lower [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]. In addition, you might overwhelm your classical SuperMemo repetitions (i.e. question-and-answer review) with the inflow of new articles to read. Again, instead of making sure your previous investment becomes durable, you keep rushing through new material and forgetting the old.<br /> <br /> SuperMemo solves the problems of the [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]] and the problem of the massive inflow of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] by letting you define:<br /> # the proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in learning, and<br /> # a degree to which the learning queue is randomized.<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:repetition_sorting_criteria.jpg|544px|SuperMemo: Sorting items and topics taking part in the learning process using various criteria (priority, randomization, proportion of topics, etc.)]]<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> '''''Figure''': Sorting criteria in SuperMemo. Only a small proportion of time-consuming [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] is allowed in the learning queue. This proportion is chosen to maximize the fun and efficiency of learning: sufficient inflow of new material combined with the necessary review of your previous investment. Some degree of randomization in the learning sequence is permitted. This way you can re-discover precious articles that were displaced in [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] by a massive inflow of new material. In the presented example, [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] show a higher degree of randomization than [[Glossary:Item|items]].''<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> You can determine the sorting criteria by using '''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Sorting|Sorting]] : Sorting criteria'''. You need to adjust the proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] and the degree of randomization by trial and error. This will all depend on your goals and preferences. If you admit too few [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the process, you will not gain much new knowledge. If you allow too many [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], you will start forgetting previously learned material. If you randomize the learning queue too much, the whole prioritization mechanism will unravel, and your [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of high-priority material will drop. If you sort repetitions strictly by [[Glossary:Priority|priority]], the new material will keep displacing the old material due to the [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]]. Even for [[Glossary:Item|item]] repetitions, where the [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]] is less prominent, a degree of randomization will help you increase the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of less appreciated [[Glossary:Item|items]], disperse [[Glossary:Cloze_deletion|clozes]] generated from the same [[Glossary:Extract|extract]], and compensate some loss in [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] by improving the overall speed of learning (through [[Glossary:Spacing_effect|spacing effect]]).<br /> <br /> Proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] tells you how many [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] you will be served during your repetitions as compared with [[Glossary:Item|items]]. If you want to ensure that you keep a high [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of previously added material (as per SuperMemo definition), you cannot overload the learning process with new material (new [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]) because you will not have enough time left to do your daily [[Glossary:Item|item]] review. In a healthy learning process, you should limit the inflow of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] to 1:4 or less (i.e. allow of repeating at least 4 [[Glossary:Item|items]] per each [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] served).<br /> <br /> == Random repetitions ==<br /> <br /> To make sure you have a good understanding of the contents and distribution of the learning material in your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], you should make randomized repetitions from time to time. This is to prevent tunnel vision and [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]]. You can randomize repetitions with '''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Random|Random]] : Randomize repetitions''', or with '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Mercy]]''' with '''[[Mercy criteria|Criteria]] : Sorting options''' set to '''Randomize'''.<br /> <br /> Occasional random repetitions may be quite revealing as they will not favor any portions of your material. Your learning will not be biased by an increased proportion of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] such as: short-[[Glossary:Interval|interval]] [[Glossary:Element|elements]], long-[[Glossary:Interval|interval]] [[Glossary:Element|elements]], specific [[Glossary:Element|element]] types (e.g. articles, [[Glossary:Extract|extracts]], [[Glossary:Cloze_deletion|cloze deletions]], etc.), [[Glossary:Element|element]] content (e.g. a specific [[Glossary:Branch|branch]] of the [[Glossary:Knowledge_tree|knowledge tree]]), the degree of [[Glossary:Element|element]] processing, nor (most importantly) the [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]. Random repetitions will help you understand the possible negative trends such as an excessive inflow of new material, low [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] due to frequent rescheduling, poor formulation of newly created [[Glossary:Cloze_deletion|cloze deletions]], low quality or applicability of the acquired knowledge, excessive emphasis on certain subject at the cost of other subjects, etc. Most importantly though, random repetitions should help you sense the power of the [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]]. You will notice that you will instantly be tempted to up-prioritize large sections of the material that has slipped your attention while focusing on new imports.<br /> <br /> == Prioritization rulebook ==<br /> <br /> &lt;ul&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Learn to work on [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] of new [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. Try to visualize the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and learn to '''position [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the spectrum of your entire knowledge'''. Try to ignore urgency, and to focus on the lifetime priority of knowledge (unless under a pressure of a deadline or an exam). If all your new [[Glossary:Element|elements]] get priorities of 1-10%, you know you are not being honest. Some of the new material must be down to 80-90%. There are things that you want to know, but you do not really need to know. Add them to your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], but give them an honestly low [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]. Do you learn about movie stars? That's ok. However, unless you want to be an actor yourself (or similar), you should rather give the stars the deserved 95-99%.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Early in the process, you may find it hard to sense the difference between 30% and 60% [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]. Or you may keep setting the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] always to 1%. The fact that SuperMemo displays the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] at four decimal places may make you feel your prioritizations are not adequate. Ignore those feelings. You can start from a 3 point scale: 1%, 33%, and 88%. The more you prioritize, the more natural and automatic it feels. Be patient.<br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Deprioritization is very hard and very painful''', however, it might be a key to your success in a heavily overloaded [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. It is very easy to wish to up-prioritize nearly anything. You need to train your brain to permit low [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]]! You need to let some knowledge go (at least to lower [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] areas)! '''You cannot know everything that you want to know!''' (unless you want to know little)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Regularly inspect '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Use|Use]] : Priority protection : Items''' (''Shift+Alt+A'' opens this tab as you left it last time). '''Priority protection''' is the most honest indicator of what proportion of your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] can actually meet your [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#requested_forgetting_index requested forgetting index] criteria. For example, if your '''Priority protection''' stand at 3%, you know that no knowledge in the 3%-100% [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] bracket is safe! If you keep overrating [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]], [[Glossary:Item|items]] will crowd at high priority positions and the '''Priority protection''' parameter will be very low. If you are honest, you will increase that value and make it easier to protect top priority [[Glossary:Item|items]] from being delayed and possibly forgotten. You will be amazed how fast you can increase '''Priority protection''' with a focused effort and deprioritization in just a few days (let alone over a longer period)! See the example in the picture below. Such efforts will do miracles to the quality of your knowledge. Importance should always overrule urgency and emotion.<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Item priority protection.jpg|800px|Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Priority protection : Items shows your actual processing capacity for high-priority items on individual days]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Regulary inspect '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Statistics]] : [[Statistics#Protection|Protection]]'''. This parameters tells you how far you managed to cut into your top priority material in a given session (this is an equivalent of '''Priority protection''' for a single day). If those numbers get very low, you need to start deprioritizing your [[Glossary:Item|items]] (or [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]). You do not need to cut your import appetites as long as you keep [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] reasonable.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;The most important moments to prioritize [[Glossary:Element|elements]] or element sets:<br /> * at item failure, you need to rethink the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]. [[Glossary:Item|Items]] that fail often are the biggest contributor to slowed progress. Reducing their [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] is one way of remedying this (and possibly helping your memory by inducing the [[Glossary:Spacing_effect|spacing effect]] or reducing interference)<br /> * at article import, high [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] will ensure early reading, however, once you get to reading, you may want to deprioritize and only give high [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] to important [[Glossary:Extract|extracts]]! You can set the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] for the entire article and split it all in one go (while reading or by an auto-split). It is however much easier to split the article incrementally as you progress with reading, and only then spread the priorities of all [[Glossary:Child|children elements]] with '''[[Subset operations#Priority|Priority]] : Spread''' on the [[Subset operations|browser processing menu]]. Once you finish reading the article, some of the generated [[Glossary:Extract|extracts]] and [[Glossary:Cloze_deletion|clozes]] will be given higher [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] (as per your decision), while most [[Glossary:Element|elements]] will get their [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] set automatically on the basis of article's [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]. This will usually be a [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] that is higher than deserved. Hence '''[[Subset operations#Priority|Priority]] : Spread''' is recommended each time you complete reading an article<br /> * it makes sense to give new [[Glossary:Cloze_deletion|clozes]] a very high [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] to make sure they are reviewed at least once to &amp;quot;hatch&amp;quot; in your memory. However, once the first repetition ends with success and your future recall at longer [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] is a bit more likely, you can provide a more honest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]], which is usually lower than when first prioritizing [[Glossary:Extract|extracts]] for the sake of generating [[Glossary:Cloze_deletion|cloze deletions]]. If you are still worried about possible forgetting, you can wait with establishing the honest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] until the 3rd or 4th review. The longer you wait, the greater the chance you will forget something truly important in the meantime.<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;If you hesitate between a lower [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] and a higher [[Glossary:Priority|priority]], '''a lower priority is nearly always better!''' (due to the [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]] that is likely to crowd your learning process)&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;If you skip some of your daily repetition sessions, item protection will drop (as indicated by '''Priority protection''' in '''[[Analysis]] : Use'''). If you do not prioritize well, item protection will drop as well. The best way to keep item protection high is to learn regularly, learn a lot, and provide honest priority evaluations&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;Your [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#measured_forgetting_index measured forgetting index] will increase if you are honest with [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] in an overloaded [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. However, it will more honestly reflect your actual knowledge of the material in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. To see how [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] changes with [[Glossary:Priority|priority]], see '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Graphs|Graphs]] : Forgetting index vs. Priority'''&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;If you manually change the [[Glossary:Interval|interval]], element [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] will change. If you shorten the [[Glossary:Interval|interval]], the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] will automatically increase. If you delay the next repetition, the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] will drop.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;'''Priority protection''' can at times drop by a huge margin in a single day. This is not a reason to worry, as long as this does not become a trend. For example, if you discover a set of [[Glossary:Cloze_deletion|clozes]] whose [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] is too low, and you increase that [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] in the entire set, all [[Glossary:Item|items]] that have been [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding]], but not at the front of the [[Glossary:Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]], will affect the item protection measurement on the next day. This is a one-day phenomenon. However, you will also notice a destructive impact of massive up-prioritizations. It is easy to say &amp;quot;that [[Glossary:Branch|branch]] is very important&amp;quot;, and very difficult to undo the damage by indiscriminate change of [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]].&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;If you are curious which postponed [[Glossary:Item|item]] reduced your item protection ('''Priority protection'''), choose '''[[View menu|View]] : [[View menu#Recent|Recent]] : Postponed''', choose '''[[Browser menu#Child|Child]] : Items''' on the [[browser menu]], and sort by [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] (e.g. by clicking the '''Prior''' column heading). The offending [[Glossary:Item|item]] should land on top. It will tell how your item protection dropped. This is the highest priority [[Glossary:Item|item]] missed on the previous day of learning.&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;A simple way to get the feel of the relative importance of an article is to look at the '''After''' and '''Before''' fields in the '''Element priority''' dialog box (''Alt+P'').<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Element relative priority.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: A simple way to get the feel of the relative importance of a given element is to look at the After and Before fields in the Element priority dialog (Alt+P)]]<br /> {{:File:Element relative priority.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;li&gt;The main difference between lifelong learning and school learning is that schools artificially distort the priority of the learning material. Before an exam, a section of material must receive high priority and high processing, while after the exam, the same material must be realistically re-assessed (which usually means a manifold decrease in priority and heavy dilution of the overload).&lt;/li&gt;<br /> &lt;/ul&gt;<br /> <br /> == Priority queue: Summary ==<br /> <br /> * SuperMemo uses a [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] in which all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] are arranged by their [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] in the learning process <br /> * The highest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] is &lt;code&gt;0%&lt;/code&gt;. The lowest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] is &lt;code&gt;100%&lt;/code&gt;<br /> * SuperMemo can [[Glossary:Auto-postpone|auto-postpone]] the excess of the [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding material]]<br /> * SuperMemo uses the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] to [[Glossary:Auto-sort|auto-sort]] the learning queue. This means that each day, you will first be served high-priority [[Glossary:Element|elements]]<br /> * [[Glossary:Priority_queue|Priority queue]] softens the need for ''moderation'' in learning; however, it does not entirely solve the [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]]<br /> * SuperMemo automates ''moderation'' by strictly limiting the inflow of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] into the learning process<br /> * SuperMemo helps you combat the [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]] by a user-defined degree of randomization in [[#Sorting repetitions|sorting the learning queue]]<br /> * In a heavily overloaded learning process, the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of low-priority material will drop substantially<br /> * Deprioritization of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is painful, but it is a key to your long-term success. Due to the [[Glossary:Priority_bias|priority bias]], lower [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] is nearly always better than a higher [[Glossary:Priority|priority]]!<br /> * '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Use|Use]] : Priority protection : Items''' can be used to inspect the degree of item protection in an overloaded learning process<br /> * '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Statistics]] : [[Statistics#Protection|Protection]]''' can be used to inspect one's progress in processing top priority material on a given day<br /> * [[Glossary:Priority_queue|Priority queue]] will help you '''increase the volume of learning''', and still '''increase the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of top-priority material'''</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Statistics&diff=10578 2019-04-15T09:27:31Z

<p>SMBeta: /* First day */</p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> The '''Statistics''' window allows you to inspect the main learning process statistics in the currently opened [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. It can most conveniently be viewed by pressing ''F5'' ('''[[Window menu|Window]] : [[Layouts|Layout]] : Warrior layout''').<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Statistics.jpg|186px|SuperMemo: Figure: The Statistics window where the main learning process statistics of the currently opened collection can be readily inspected]]<br /> {{:Image:Statistics.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Caption ==<br /> <br /> The caption displays the name of the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] in square brackets. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is named all.''<br /> <br /> == Toolbar ==<br /> <br /> ;[[Calendar]]<br /> :the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> ;Statistics menu<br /> :open the statistics context menu otherwise available with a right-click over the window<br /> ;[[Analysis]]<br /> :various statistics related to the learning process and [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_Algorithm SuperMemo Algorithm]<br /> ;[[Memory graphs (4D)|Memory graphs]]<br /> :visual presentation of memory functions, their approximations as used by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18], and options for resetting and re-computing memory data on the basis of [[Repetition history|repetition histories]]<br /> ;Warrior layout<br /> :arrange windows in the way optimized for the use of [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] with the '''Statistics''' window conveniently aligned to the left of the [[element window]].<br /> ;Help<br /> :view this help article<br /> <br /> == Learning parameters ==<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;bs-callout bs-callout-info&quot;&gt;<br /> To easily compare the exemplary fields with their corresponding descriptions:<br /> # Shift+click the picture above to open it in full resolution in a new browser window<br /> # Drag the title bar of the picture window to the left or right side of the screen until an outline of the expanded window appears<br /> # Release the mouse to expand the window<br /> # Repeat steps 2 and 3 with this window to arrange the windows side by side<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Date ===<br /> <br /> The current date and day of the week. If this value is preceded with ''Night'', it means that the new calendar day has already started but the old repetition day will not start until the time defined in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : [[Learning tab in Options#Midnight clock shift|Midnight shift]]'''. When the midnight shift is passed, this field will display a red warning ''Time to close: Alt+F4''. If you see that message, close/restart your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] to prevent collecting learning data with undefined repetition timing. ''In the example above, the picture snapshot was taken after midnight on Apr 01, 2019 (Mon)''<br /> <br /> === First day ===<br /> <br /> The date on which the learning process started (i.e. the day on which the first [[Glossary:Element|element]] was memorized). ''The exemplary [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] presented in the picture has been in use since December 15, 1987 (i.e. two days after the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_1.0_for_DOS_(1987) birth date of SuperMemo for DOS])''<br /> <br /> === Period ===<br /> <br /> ;Period<br /> :number of days in the learning process (i.e. number of days between '''[[#Date|Date]]''' and '''[[#First day|First day]]''').<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Period=[[#Date|Date]]-[[#First day|First day]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> :''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has been in use for 31 years, 3 months and 17 days''<br /> <br /> === Memorized ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized<br /> :total number of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s introduced into the learning process with options such as '''[[Learn]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]'''. If an [[Glossary:Item|item]] takes part in [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] it is a [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. It does not mean it is a remembered [[Glossary:Item|item]]. A proportion of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] is always forgotten. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has 635,699 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the learning process and these elements make up 100.0% of all elements destined to enter the learning process, i.e. &lt;code&gt;Memorized/(Memorized+Pending)=100.0&lt;/code&gt;. This indicates that Pending=0 (see [[#Pending|below]])''<br /> <br /> === Memorized items ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and the proportion of memorized [[Glossary:Item|item]]s among memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. ''In the example above, 203,827 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s take part in repetitions. These [[Glossary:Item|item]]s make 32.1% of all [[Glossary:Element|element]]s taking part in the learning process (the remaining 67.9% of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s are [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, memorized [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s or memorized [[Glossary:Task|task]]s). The '''[[#Retention|Retention]]''' field indicates that 92.4937% of these [[Glossary:Item|item]]s should be remembered at any given time''<br /> <br /> === Memorized topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s and their cumulative proportion among all memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. In a well-balanced [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s should make a minority of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s served for [[Glossary:Review|review]]. If the proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s increases, the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] drops, and the learning process may gradually start to resemble traditional learning where ineffective [[Glossary:Passive_review|passive review]] predominates. You can store as many [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s in your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] as you wish as long as you make sure that you limit their [[Glossary:Review|review]] by setting appropriate [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|repetition sorting criteria]] ('''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Sorting|Sorting]] : Sorting criteria'''). ''In the picture, 431,872 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s make 67.9% of the material taking part in the learning process''<br /> <br /> === Memorized/Day ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized/Day<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s memorized per day: &lt;code&gt;(Memorized items)/Day&lt;/code&gt;. ''In the example, the average of 17.8311 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s have been memorized daily in the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] over the previous 31+ years. This is typical of an average student as long as regular reviews are executed on a daily basis''<br /> <br /> === Total ===<br /> <br /> ;Total<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. Two relationships hold true:<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Memorized|Memorized]]+[[#Pending|Pending]]+[[#Dismissed|Dismissed]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Topics|Topic]]s+[[#Items|Item]]s&lt;/code&gt; ([[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s are counted with the '''Topics''' statistic)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :Deleted [[Glossary:Element|element]]s do not contribute to the total count of elements in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the picture, the presented collection is made of 727,259 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s (largest [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]s reported by users reached beyond a half million elements)''<br /> <br /> === Items ===<br /> <br /> ;Items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the example, the collection includes 207,443 items''<br /> <br /> === Topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection includes 519,816 topics (counted together with concepts and tasks)''<br /> <br /> === Outstanding ===<br /> <br /> ;Outstanding<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, outstanding [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s and [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] items scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on this given day. The first number (before +) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for this given day and not yet processed. The second number (after the plus sign) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] for this day. The third number (after the second plus sign), if present, indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that have already been repeated today but scored less than '''Good (4)'''. Those are the [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that make up the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The final drill queue is built only if '''Skip final drill''' is unchecked in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options|Learning]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], there are still 3521 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on Apr 01, 2019. There are also 1297 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] on that day as part of the [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process. There are no [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] (the third component of the '''Outstanding''' parameter is missing)''<br /> <br /> === Review ===<br /> <br /> ;Review<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] scheduled for [[Subset learning|subset review]] (e.g. [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Subset learning#Neural review|neural review]] in '''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Go neural|Go neural]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Branch review|branch repetitions]] in '''[[Contents]]'''' '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Search and review|browser subset repetitions]] in the [[browser]]'s '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the random test queue in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Random test|Random test]]''', etc.). The display may have a form of ''Neuro=&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] to do&gt;'' in [[Neural creativity|neural review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Item|items]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Topic|topics]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] to do&gt;+(&lt;subset description&gt;)'' in [[Subset learning|subset review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] unprocessed&gt;/&lt;all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the test&gt;'' in random tests. ''Here 86 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] remain in [[Glossary:Neural_review|neural review]]. [[Neural creativity|Neural review]] is most often executed with Ctrl+F2 in the [[element window]] or [[browser]], or Alt+N in the [[registry window]]''<br /> <br /> === Protection ===<br /> <br /> Current day's degree of processing of the top priority material. '''Important''': As the statistic is taken from the top of the queue of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s or [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s (not the top of [[Glossary:Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]], which is a randomized mix of the two), if you change the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the top [[Glossary:Item|item]], you will see a false value in '''Statistics''' until you review that [[Glossary:Item|item]] of changed [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] (this behavior is by design to prevent the need to scan the entire queue at each update to statistics). ''In the example, only 0.031% of top priority [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, and 0% of top priority [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s have been processed. 0.031% protection does not mean going through 0.031% of the outstanding items queue. It means that the highest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of unprocessed [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the queue is 0.031%''<br /> <br /> === Retention ===<br /> <br /> ;Retention<br /> :estimated average knowledge [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for high-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] should be higher than the one listed. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] may be much lower driving the average down. To judge upon the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of top-priority material, see '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Graphs|Graphs]] : [[Analysis#Forgetting Index vs. Priority|Forgetting index vs. Priority]]'''. ''In the example, 92.8374% of the material should be recalled in a random test on all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] at any time. You can test your [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] using random tests and see if SuperMemo's estimates are accurate. This statistic may be overly optimistic if you have recently abused rescheduling tools such as '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Mercy]]'''.''<br /> <br /> === Measured FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Measured FI<br /> :value of the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] as recorded during repetitions. The number in the parentheses indicates '''Measured FI''' for the day. In [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] with heavy [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Overload|overload]], [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] may be much lower than the overall [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] for the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] due to the fact that repetitions include primarily high-priority material. It can also be lower than the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] when transitioning from more randomized to more prioritized sorting (as determined by [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|sorting criteria]]) or when [http://www.super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm knowledge formulation and mnemonic skills] improve before this fact can be reflected in the [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curve]]. It is also not uncommon to have '''Measured FI''' higher than '''[[#Average FI|Average FI]]'''. This is due to three factors:<br /> # every user will experience delays in repetitions from time to time (e.g. as a result of using '''[[Postpone]]'''),<br /> # low-priority material in the overloaded incremental reading process is scheduled in [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] longer than [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum intervals]], and<br /> # SuperMemo imposes some constraints on the length of [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] that, in some cases, make it schedule repetitions later than it would be implied by the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]]. The constraints in computing [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]], for example, prevent the new [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] from being shorter than the old [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] (assuming the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has not been forgotten). For low values of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] and for difficult [[Glossary:Item|items]], the new [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] might often be shorter than the old one! '''Measured FI''' can be reset with '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : Reset parameters : Forgetting index record'''.<br /> :''In the presented example, an average of 13.97% of item repetitions end with a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] less than '''Pass (3)''' (since the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] record has last been reset). On May 04, 2016, 3.8% of repetitions ended in failure thus far (i.e. with a grade less than '''Pass''').''<br /> <br /> === R-Metric ===<br /> <br /> ;[[Glossary:R-Metric|R-Metric]]<br /> :absolute measure of performance of two [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]] algorithms based on their ability to predict recall before a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] is scored. In [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]], '''R-Metric''' is used solely to compare [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] (known from SuperMemo 16) and the new [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. It is shown as percentage in '''Statistics''' and '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Use|Use]] : Efficiency : [[Analysis#Use_:_Efficiency_:_R-Metric|R-Metric]]'''. '''R-Metric''' is a difference between the performance of the two algorithms: &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is the least squares predicted recall measure for a given algorithm. '''R-Metric''' greater than zero shows superiority of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. '''R-Metric''' less than zero indicates underperformance of the new algorithm. &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is a square root of the average of squared absolute differences in recall predictions: &lt;code&gt;abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 0 for failing [[Glossary:Grade|grades]] and &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for passing grades. &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; is a prediction issued by the algorithm before the [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. In [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17], the prediction is a weighted average of the value taken from the [[Glossary:Recall_matrix|Recall[] matrix]], and [[Glossary:Retrievability|R (retrievability)]] computed from [[Glossary:Stability|S (stability)]] and the used [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]. The weight used is based on prior repetition cases which inform of the significance of the Recall[] matrix prediction (the prediction becomes more meaningful with more prior repetition data).<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;LSRM(Alg)=sqrt(sum(sqr(ARD)))&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;ARD=abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for Grade&gt;=3, and 0 for Grade&lt;3<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; in [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]]: &lt;code&gt;weight*Recall[]+(1-weight)*R&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;weight (0..1)&lt;/code&gt; depends on the number of prior repetition cases<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R=exp(-kt/s)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :''In this case, R-Metric of 17.0302% shows a huge advantage of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17] over [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] on that particular day (May 4, 2016)''<br /> <br /> === Alarm ===<br /> <br /> The time left till the next alarm and the hour at which the alarm will ring off (to learn more about alarms see: [[Plan]]). This field is editable. To change the alarm setting, click the field and type in the new time in minutes (e.g. 21.5 will set the alarm to sound in 21 minutes and 30 seconds). To end editing, press ''Enter''. ''In the example, the alarm will sound off in 20 minutes and 21 seconds at 00:52:13 (i.e. 52 minutes after midnight)''<br /> <br /> === Burden ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden<br /> :estimation of the average number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] repeated per day. This value is equal to the [[Glossary:Burden|sum of all interval reciprocals]] (i.e. 1/[[Glossary:Interval|interval]]). The interpretation of this number is as follows: every [[Glossary:Item|item]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 100 days is on average repeated 1/100 times per day. Thus the sum of interval reciprocals is a good indicator of the total [[Calendar|repetitions workload]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection requires 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day and 555 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per day. In [[incremental reading]], it is not unusual to have many more [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the process than one can handle. '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]''' can be used to unload the excess of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] as well as to reduce the load of low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]]. '''[[Postpone]]''' skews the '''Burden''' statistic. [[Glossary:Topic|Topics]] often crowd at lower [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] and are regularly reshuffled with '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]'''''<br /> <br /> === Burden +/- ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden +/-<br /> :change of the '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''' parameter above on a given day. ''Here, on May 04, 2016, the average number of expected daily repetitions was slightly decreased (i.e. by 8 [[Glossary:Item|items]]). The [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] load was also decreased (i.e. by almost 90 [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]). Exemplary interpretation of a burden change: Let's say '''Burden''' dropped by 39 (burden change of -39). To reduce the burden by 39, one would need to review 78 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with an [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 1 to 2 days (78*0.5=39). However, one could equally well execute '''[[Postpone]]''' on 2344 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 10 to 12 days (2344*(1/10-1/12)=39)''<br /> <br /> === Avg Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Workload<br /> :average time spent on responding to questions per day (from the first day of learning). ''For the presented collection, the student spent on average 18 minutes and 30 seconds per day on answering [[Glossary:Item|items]] over the period spanning 28 years 4 months and 20 days between May 04, 2016 and December 15, 1987 when the very first repetition was made.''<br /> <br /> === Exp Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Workload<br /> :estimation of the average daily time used for responding to questions in a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Workload=([[#Burden|Item Burden]])*[[#Avg time|Avg time]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day taking 9.922 seconds each result in a daily repetition time estimated at 44 minutes and 52 seconds. A real learning time may be twice longer due to grading, editing, reviewing the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and various interruptions. In [[incremental reading]], the learning time will increase further due to [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|review]] that is not taken into account in the '''Exp Workload''' parameter. The real learning time may also be cut if '''[[Postpone]]''' is used often''<br /> <br /> === Time ===<br /> <br /> ;Time<br /> :total question response time on a given day and the total session time (in parentheses). ''Here the total time needed to respond to questions on May 04, 2016 was 14 minutes and 31 seconds. On the same day, SuperMemo has been running for 3 hours, 19 minutes and 1 second (this value will increase even if you simply keep SuperMemo running)''<br /> <br /> === Avg time ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg time<br /> :average response time in seconds. This is the time that elapses between displaying the question (or equivalent) and choosing '''Show answer''' (or equivalent). The timer does not stop if you start editing the question before pressing '''Show answer'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average time to answer a single question is around 9.922 seconds. If this number grows beyond 15-20 seconds, you may need to analyze your learning material if it is not overly difficult or [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm badly structured]''<br /> <br /> === Total time ===<br /> <br /> ;Total time<br /> :total time taken by responding to questions in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. This time cannot be accurately measured for [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] created with SuperMemo 98 or earlier (the measurements were made possible only in SuperMemo 99). If you upgrade older [[Glossary:Collection|collections]], this number will roughly be guessed for you. SuperMemo will derive this time from the total number of [[Glossary:Item|items]], average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]], average number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]], and the average repetition time. ''In the presented example, answering questions during repetitions took the total of over 133 days in over 28 years of learning''<br /> <br /> === Lapses ===<br /> <br /> ;Lapses<br /> :average number of times individual [[Glossary:Item|items]] have been forgotten in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (only [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized elements]] are averaged). The number in parentheses shows the number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]] on a given day. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Element|element]] has been forgotten 0.51239 times. On May 04, 2016, 3 [[Glossary:Item|items]] have thus far been graded less than '''Pass (3)'''''<br /> <br /> === Speed ===<br /> <br /> ;Speed<br /> :[[Glossary:Acquisition_rate|average knowledge acquisition rate]], i.e. the number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] memorized per year per minute of daily work (only answering item questions counts). Initially this value may be as high as 100,000 items/year/minute (esp. if you enthusiastically start working with the program before truly measuring its limitations, and the limitations of human memory). This parameter should later stabilize between 40 and 400 items/year/minute.<br /> :'''[http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Speed_of_learning_vs._acquisition_rate Speed=(Memorized items/Day)/(Repetitions time)*365]'''<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], every minute of work per day resulted in 342 new [[Glossary:item|items]] memorized each year''<br /> <br /> === Avg Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Cost<br /> :cost in time of memorizing a single [[Glossary:Item|item]], i.e. total learning time divided by the number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Avg Cost=[[#Total time|Total time]]/[[#Memorized items|Memorized items]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented example, the total repetition time per single [[Glossary:Item|item]] is 1 minute and 3 seconds, which is the amount of time it has contributed to the total of non-stop over 133 days of repetitions. The cost of editing, collection restructuring, [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], etc. is not included in the '''Avg Cost''' parameter''<br /> <br /> === Exp Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Cost<br /> :daily repetition time per each newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] assuming no postpones.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Cost=[[#Exp Workload|Exp Workload]]/([[#Memorized/Day|Memorized items/Day]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], each of the 18 newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] per day contributes 2 minutes and 23 seconds of repetitions to the total workload of almost 45 minutes per day. As this value is derived from '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''', it may be highly overestimated if you use '''[[Postpone]]''' a lot (e.g. in [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]])''<br /> <br /> === Interval (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (I)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 7 years, 9 months and 30 days''<br /> <br /> === Interval (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (T)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 6 years, 1 month and 9 days''<br /> <br /> === Repetitions ===<br /> <br /> ;Repetitions<br /> :average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]/[[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been repeated 3.272 times while an average [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has been reviewed 2.431 times''<br /> <br /> === Rep count ===<br /> <br /> ;Rep count<br /> :total count of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] made in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 945+ thousands of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] have been made. This is about 5 repetitions per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. That includes [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that have been reset, forgotten, dismissed, deleted, etc.''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] is June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (I)=[[#Last Rep (I)|Last Rep (I)]]+[[#Interval (I)|Interval (I)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is July 19, 2016 or 2,863 days after September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] among memorized [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. <br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (T)=[[#Last Rep (T)|Last Rep (T)]]+[[#Interval (T)|Interval (T)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] is July 30, 2016 or 2,232 days after June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Pending ===<br /> <br /> ;Pending<br /> :the number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Topic|topics]] or [[Glossary:Item|items]]) that have not yet been introduced into the learning process and await memorization (with operations such as '''[[Learn]]''', '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]''', '''Schedule''', etc). All [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]] are kept in the so-called [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] that determines the sequence of learning new [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed elements]] are not kept in the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]]. ''In the example, the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] contains no [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]]. With [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], the role of the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] in SuperMemo is diminishing''<br /> <br /> === Dismissed ===<br /> <br /> ;Dismissed<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Item|items]], [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:Concept|concepts]] or [[Glossary:Task|tasks]]) that have been excluded from the learning process and are kept only as reference material, folders in the [[Glossary:Knowledge_tree|knowledge tree]], or [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]] [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] are neither [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] nor [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]]. All [[Glossary:Task|tasks]] are [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]] by default, i.e. they usually do not take part in repetitions. ''In the example, almost 77,000 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] have been [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]]''<br /> <br /> === Average FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Average FI<br /> :average [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] in the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (the number in parentheses is the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index]). If the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of individual [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is not changed manually, '''Average FI''' is equal to the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] as set in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Forgetting index (default)'''. The [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] given to all new [[Glossary:Item|items]] added to the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|Forgetting index]], in general, is the proportion of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that are not remembered during repetitions. The lower the value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] the better the recall of the [[Glossary:Element|element]], but the more [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] will be needed to keep it in memory. Optimum value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] falls into the range from 7% to 13%. Too low a [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] makes learning too tiresome due to a prohibitively large number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]. All [[Glossary:Element|elements]] can have their [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|desired forgetting index]] set individually. The easiest way to change the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of a large number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is to use '''[[Subset operations#Forgetting index|Forgetting index]]''' option among [[subset operations]]. ''In the presented example, the average [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] is 10.00% while the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is 10%''. See: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo Using forgetting index]<br /> <br /> === Completion ===<br /> <br /> ;Completion<br /> :expected date on which all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] from the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] will be [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] assuming the present rate of learning new [[Glossary:Item|items]]. This parameter is particularly useful if you are memorizing large ready-made [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] such as [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Advanced_English Advanced English]. For '''[[#Pending|Pending]]'''=0, the value of this field is ''today''.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Completion=[[#Date|Date]]+([[#Pending|Pending]]/[[#Memorized/Day|(Memorized items/Day)]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> === A-Factor ===<br /> <br /> ;A-Factor<br /> :average value of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. For [[Glossary:item|items]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is a measure of [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. The higher the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]], the easier the [[Glossary:Item|item]]. For [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is the number by which the '''current [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]''' should be multiplied to get the value of the '''next [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Item|items]] is 4.06. This indicates that the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is rather well-structured and the material is thus relatively easy to remember. The average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] is 1.246''<br /> <br /> === Additional notes ===<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Item|Items]] are added to the [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] not only during standard repetitions when you grade an [[Glossary:Element|element]] below '''Good (4)'''. Operations such as '''Remember''' (''Ctrl+M''), '''Cloze''' (''Alt+Z''), and '''Add to drill''' (''Shift+Ctrl+D'') will also add to the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] is created automatically only if you uncheck '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Skip final drill'''<br /> * Some fields of the '''Statistics''' window can be edited. For example: '''Alarm''', '''Total time''', '''Rep count''', etc. To edit an entry, click it, type the new value and press ''Enter''. If the entry cannot be modified SuperMemo will warn you (e.g. &quot;''Retention entry cannot be modified''&quot;).<br /> * See [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey1994.htm Survey 1994] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey.htm Survey 1999] for some interesting notes about the speed of learning reached with SuperMemo<br /> <br /> == Statistics context menu ==<br /> <br /> To open the context menu:<br /> * Right-click anywhere in the window<br /> * Click the first button in the [[#Toolbar|toolbar]]<br /> <br /> Context menu items:<br /> * '''[[Calendar|Workload]]''' - the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> * '''Report''' - save the contents of the '''Statistics''' window to a text file<br /> * '''Restore layout''' (''Ctrl+F5'') - restore the SuperMemo windows layout chosen as the default one<br /> * '''Element window''' (''Esc'') - shift focus to the [[element window]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Statistics&diff=10577 2019-04-15T09:23:52Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Alarm */</p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> The '''Statistics''' window allows you to inspect the main learning process statistics in the currently opened [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. It can most conveniently be viewed by pressing ''F5'' ('''[[Window menu|Window]] : [[Layouts|Layout]] : Warrior layout''').<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Statistics.jpg|186px|SuperMemo: Figure: The Statistics window where the main learning process statistics of the currently opened collection can be readily inspected]]<br /> {{:Image:Statistics.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Caption ==<br /> <br /> The caption displays the name of the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] in square brackets. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is named all.''<br /> <br /> == Toolbar ==<br /> <br /> ;[[Calendar]]<br /> :the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> ;Statistics menu<br /> :open the statistics context menu otherwise available with a right-click over the window<br /> ;[[Analysis]]<br /> :various statistics related to the learning process and [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_Algorithm SuperMemo Algorithm]<br /> ;[[Memory graphs (4D)|Memory graphs]]<br /> :visual presentation of memory functions, their approximations as used by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18], and options for resetting and re-computing memory data on the basis of [[Repetition history|repetition histories]]<br /> ;Warrior layout<br /> :arrange windows in the way optimized for the use of [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] with the '''Statistics''' window conveniently aligned to the left of the [[element window]].<br /> ;Help<br /> :view this help article<br /> <br /> == Learning parameters ==<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;bs-callout bs-callout-info&quot;&gt;<br /> To easily compare the exemplary fields with their corresponding descriptions:<br /> # Shift+click the picture above to open it in full resolution in a new browser window<br /> # Drag the title bar of the picture window to the left or right side of the screen until an outline of the expanded window appears<br /> # Release the mouse to expand the window<br /> # Repeat steps 2 and 3 with this window to arrange the windows side by side<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Date ===<br /> <br /> The current date and day of the week. If this value is preceded with ''Night'', it means that the new calendar day has already started but the old repetition day will not start until the time defined in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : [[Learning tab in Options#Midnight clock shift|Midnight shift]]'''. When the midnight shift is passed, this field will display a red warning ''Time to close: Alt+F4''. If you see that message, close/restart your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] to prevent collecting learning data with undefined repetition timing. ''In the example above, the picture snapshot was taken after midnight on Apr 01, 2019 (Mon)''<br /> <br /> === First day ===<br /> <br /> ;First day<br /> :date on which the learning process began (i.e. the day on which the first [[Glossary:Element|element]] was memorized). ''The exemplary [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] presented in the picture has been in use since December 15, 1987 (i.e. the [http://super-memory.com/english/history.htm#1987 birth date of SuperMemo for DOS])''<br /> <br /> === Period ===<br /> <br /> ;Period<br /> :number of days in the learning process (i.e. number of days between '''[[#Date|Date]]''' and '''[[#First day|First day]]''').<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Period=[[#Date|Date]]-[[#First day|First day]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> :''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has been in use for 31 years, 3 months and 17 days''<br /> <br /> === Memorized ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized<br /> :total number of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s introduced into the learning process with options such as '''[[Learn]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]'''. If an [[Glossary:Item|item]] takes part in [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] it is a [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. It does not mean it is a remembered [[Glossary:Item|item]]. A proportion of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] is always forgotten. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has 635,699 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the learning process and these elements make up 100.0% of all elements destined to enter the learning process, i.e. &lt;code&gt;Memorized/(Memorized+Pending)=100.0&lt;/code&gt;. This indicates that Pending=0 (see [[#Pending|below]])''<br /> <br /> === Memorized items ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and the proportion of memorized [[Glossary:Item|item]]s among memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. ''In the example above, 203,827 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s take part in repetitions. These [[Glossary:Item|item]]s make 32.1% of all [[Glossary:Element|element]]s taking part in the learning process (the remaining 67.9% of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s are [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, memorized [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s or memorized [[Glossary:Task|task]]s). The '''[[#Retention|Retention]]''' field indicates that 92.4937% of these [[Glossary:Item|item]]s should be remembered at any given time''<br /> <br /> === Memorized topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s and their cumulative proportion among all memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. In a well-balanced [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s should make a minority of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s served for [[Glossary:Review|review]]. If the proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s increases, the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] drops, and the learning process may gradually start to resemble traditional learning where ineffective [[Glossary:Passive_review|passive review]] predominates. You can store as many [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s in your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] as you wish as long as you make sure that you limit their [[Glossary:Review|review]] by setting appropriate [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|repetition sorting criteria]] ('''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Sorting|Sorting]] : Sorting criteria'''). ''In the picture, 431,872 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s make 67.9% of the material taking part in the learning process''<br /> <br /> === Memorized/Day ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized/Day<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s memorized per day: &lt;code&gt;(Memorized items)/Day&lt;/code&gt;. ''In the example, the average of 17.8311 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s have been memorized daily in the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] over the previous 31+ years. This is typical of an average student as long as regular reviews are executed on a daily basis''<br /> <br /> === Total ===<br /> <br /> ;Total<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. Two relationships hold true:<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Memorized|Memorized]]+[[#Pending|Pending]]+[[#Dismissed|Dismissed]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Topics|Topic]]s+[[#Items|Item]]s&lt;/code&gt; ([[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s are counted with the '''Topics''' statistic)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :Deleted [[Glossary:Element|element]]s do not contribute to the total count of elements in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the picture, the presented collection is made of 727,259 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s (largest [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]s reported by users reached beyond a half million elements)''<br /> <br /> === Items ===<br /> <br /> ;Items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the example, the collection includes 207,443 items''<br /> <br /> === Topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection includes 519,816 topics (counted together with concepts and tasks)''<br /> <br /> === Outstanding ===<br /> <br /> ;Outstanding<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, outstanding [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s and [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] items scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on this given day. The first number (before +) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for this given day and not yet processed. The second number (after the plus sign) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] for this day. The third number (after the second plus sign), if present, indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that have already been repeated today but scored less than '''Good (4)'''. Those are the [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that make up the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The final drill queue is built only if '''Skip final drill''' is unchecked in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options|Learning]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], there are still 3521 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on Apr 01, 2019. There are also 1297 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] on that day as part of the [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process. There are no [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] (the third component of the '''Outstanding''' parameter is missing)''<br /> <br /> === Review ===<br /> <br /> ;Review<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] scheduled for [[Subset learning|subset review]] (e.g. [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Subset learning#Neural review|neural review]] in '''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Go neural|Go neural]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Branch review|branch repetitions]] in '''[[Contents]]'''' '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Search and review|browser subset repetitions]] in the [[browser]]'s '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the random test queue in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Random test|Random test]]''', etc.). The display may have a form of ''Neuro=&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] to do&gt;'' in [[Neural creativity|neural review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Item|items]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Topic|topics]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] to do&gt;+(&lt;subset description&gt;)'' in [[Subset learning|subset review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] unprocessed&gt;/&lt;all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the test&gt;'' in random tests. ''Here 86 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] remain in [[Glossary:Neural_review|neural review]]. [[Neural creativity|Neural review]] is most often executed with Ctrl+F2 in the [[element window]] or [[browser]], or Alt+N in the [[registry window]]''<br /> <br /> === Protection ===<br /> <br /> Current day's degree of processing of the top priority material. '''Important''': As the statistic is taken from the top of the queue of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s or [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s (not the top of [[Glossary:Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]], which is a randomized mix of the two), if you change the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the top [[Glossary:Item|item]], you will see a false value in '''Statistics''' until you review that [[Glossary:Item|item]] of changed [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] (this behavior is by design to prevent the need to scan the entire queue at each update to statistics). ''In the example, only 0.031% of top priority [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, and 0% of top priority [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s have been processed. 0.031% protection does not mean going through 0.031% of the outstanding items queue. It means that the highest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of unprocessed [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the queue is 0.031%''<br /> <br /> === Retention ===<br /> <br /> ;Retention<br /> :estimated average knowledge [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for high-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] should be higher than the one listed. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] may be much lower driving the average down. To judge upon the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of top-priority material, see '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Graphs|Graphs]] : [[Analysis#Forgetting Index vs. Priority|Forgetting index vs. Priority]]'''. ''In the example, 92.8374% of the material should be recalled in a random test on all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] at any time. You can test your [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] using random tests and see if SuperMemo's estimates are accurate. This statistic may be overly optimistic if you have recently abused rescheduling tools such as '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Mercy]]'''.''<br /> <br /> === Measured FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Measured FI<br /> :value of the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] as recorded during repetitions. The number in the parentheses indicates '''Measured FI''' for the day. In [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] with heavy [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Overload|overload]], [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] may be much lower than the overall [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] for the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] due to the fact that repetitions include primarily high-priority material. It can also be lower than the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] when transitioning from more randomized to more prioritized sorting (as determined by [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|sorting criteria]]) or when [http://www.super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm knowledge formulation and mnemonic skills] improve before this fact can be reflected in the [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curve]]. It is also not uncommon to have '''Measured FI''' higher than '''[[#Average FI|Average FI]]'''. This is due to three factors:<br /> # every user will experience delays in repetitions from time to time (e.g. as a result of using '''[[Postpone]]'''),<br /> # low-priority material in the overloaded incremental reading process is scheduled in [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] longer than [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum intervals]], and<br /> # SuperMemo imposes some constraints on the length of [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] that, in some cases, make it schedule repetitions later than it would be implied by the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]]. The constraints in computing [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]], for example, prevent the new [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] from being shorter than the old [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] (assuming the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has not been forgotten). For low values of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] and for difficult [[Glossary:Item|items]], the new [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] might often be shorter than the old one! '''Measured FI''' can be reset with '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : Reset parameters : Forgetting index record'''.<br /> :''In the presented example, an average of 13.97% of item repetitions end with a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] less than '''Pass (3)''' (since the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] record has last been reset). On May 04, 2016, 3.8% of repetitions ended in failure thus far (i.e. with a grade less than '''Pass''').''<br /> <br /> === R-Metric ===<br /> <br /> ;[[Glossary:R-Metric|R-Metric]]<br /> :absolute measure of performance of two [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]] algorithms based on their ability to predict recall before a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] is scored. In [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]], '''R-Metric''' is used solely to compare [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] (known from SuperMemo 16) and the new [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. It is shown as percentage in '''Statistics''' and '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Use|Use]] : Efficiency : [[Analysis#Use_:_Efficiency_:_R-Metric|R-Metric]]'''. '''R-Metric''' is a difference between the performance of the two algorithms: &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is the least squares predicted recall measure for a given algorithm. '''R-Metric''' greater than zero shows superiority of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. '''R-Metric''' less than zero indicates underperformance of the new algorithm. &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is a square root of the average of squared absolute differences in recall predictions: &lt;code&gt;abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 0 for failing [[Glossary:Grade|grades]] and &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for passing grades. &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; is a prediction issued by the algorithm before the [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. In [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17], the prediction is a weighted average of the value taken from the [[Glossary:Recall_matrix|Recall[] matrix]], and [[Glossary:Retrievability|R (retrievability)]] computed from [[Glossary:Stability|S (stability)]] and the used [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]. The weight used is based on prior repetition cases which inform of the significance of the Recall[] matrix prediction (the prediction becomes more meaningful with more prior repetition data).<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;LSRM(Alg)=sqrt(sum(sqr(ARD)))&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;ARD=abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for Grade&gt;=3, and 0 for Grade&lt;3<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; in [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]]: &lt;code&gt;weight*Recall[]+(1-weight)*R&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;weight (0..1)&lt;/code&gt; depends on the number of prior repetition cases<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R=exp(-kt/s)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :''In this case, R-Metric of 17.0302% shows a huge advantage of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17] over [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] on that particular day (May 4, 2016)''<br /> <br /> === Alarm ===<br /> <br /> The time left till the next alarm and the hour at which the alarm will ring off (to learn more about alarms see: [[Plan]]). This field is editable. To change the alarm setting, click the field and type in the new time in minutes (e.g. 21.5 will set the alarm to sound in 21 minutes and 30 seconds). To end editing, press ''Enter''. ''In the example, the alarm will sound off in 20 minutes and 21 seconds at 00:52:13 (i.e. 52 minutes after midnight)''<br /> <br /> === Burden ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden<br /> :estimation of the average number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] repeated per day. This value is equal to the [[Glossary:Burden|sum of all interval reciprocals]] (i.e. 1/[[Glossary:Interval|interval]]). The interpretation of this number is as follows: every [[Glossary:Item|item]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 100 days is on average repeated 1/100 times per day. Thus the sum of interval reciprocals is a good indicator of the total [[Calendar|repetitions workload]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection requires 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day and 555 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per day. In [[incremental reading]], it is not unusual to have many more [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the process than one can handle. '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]''' can be used to unload the excess of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] as well as to reduce the load of low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]]. '''[[Postpone]]''' skews the '''Burden''' statistic. [[Glossary:Topic|Topics]] often crowd at lower [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] and are regularly reshuffled with '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]'''''<br /> <br /> === Burden +/- ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden +/-<br /> :change of the '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''' parameter above on a given day. ''Here, on May 04, 2016, the average number of expected daily repetitions was slightly decreased (i.e. by 8 [[Glossary:Item|items]]). The [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] load was also decreased (i.e. by almost 90 [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]). Exemplary interpretation of a burden change: Let's say '''Burden''' dropped by 39 (burden change of -39). To reduce the burden by 39, one would need to review 78 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with an [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 1 to 2 days (78*0.5=39). However, one could equally well execute '''[[Postpone]]''' on 2344 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 10 to 12 days (2344*(1/10-1/12)=39)''<br /> <br /> === Avg Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Workload<br /> :average time spent on responding to questions per day (from the first day of learning). ''For the presented collection, the student spent on average 18 minutes and 30 seconds per day on answering [[Glossary:Item|items]] over the period spanning 28 years 4 months and 20 days between May 04, 2016 and December 15, 1987 when the very first repetition was made.''<br /> <br /> === Exp Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Workload<br /> :estimation of the average daily time used for responding to questions in a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Workload=([[#Burden|Item Burden]])*[[#Avg time|Avg time]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day taking 9.922 seconds each result in a daily repetition time estimated at 44 minutes and 52 seconds. A real learning time may be twice longer due to grading, editing, reviewing the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and various interruptions. In [[incremental reading]], the learning time will increase further due to [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|review]] that is not taken into account in the '''Exp Workload''' parameter. The real learning time may also be cut if '''[[Postpone]]''' is used often''<br /> <br /> === Time ===<br /> <br /> ;Time<br /> :total question response time on a given day and the total session time (in parentheses). ''Here the total time needed to respond to questions on May 04, 2016 was 14 minutes and 31 seconds. On the same day, SuperMemo has been running for 3 hours, 19 minutes and 1 second (this value will increase even if you simply keep SuperMemo running)''<br /> <br /> === Avg time ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg time<br /> :average response time in seconds. This is the time that elapses between displaying the question (or equivalent) and choosing '''Show answer''' (or equivalent). The timer does not stop if you start editing the question before pressing '''Show answer'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average time to answer a single question is around 9.922 seconds. If this number grows beyond 15-20 seconds, you may need to analyze your learning material if it is not overly difficult or [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm badly structured]''<br /> <br /> === Total time ===<br /> <br /> ;Total time<br /> :total time taken by responding to questions in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. This time cannot be accurately measured for [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] created with SuperMemo 98 or earlier (the measurements were made possible only in SuperMemo 99). If you upgrade older [[Glossary:Collection|collections]], this number will roughly be guessed for you. SuperMemo will derive this time from the total number of [[Glossary:Item|items]], average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]], average number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]], and the average repetition time. ''In the presented example, answering questions during repetitions took the total of over 133 days in over 28 years of learning''<br /> <br /> === Lapses ===<br /> <br /> ;Lapses<br /> :average number of times individual [[Glossary:Item|items]] have been forgotten in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (only [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized elements]] are averaged). The number in parentheses shows the number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]] on a given day. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Element|element]] has been forgotten 0.51239 times. On May 04, 2016, 3 [[Glossary:Item|items]] have thus far been graded less than '''Pass (3)'''''<br /> <br /> === Speed ===<br /> <br /> ;Speed<br /> :[[Glossary:Acquisition_rate|average knowledge acquisition rate]], i.e. the number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] memorized per year per minute of daily work (only answering item questions counts). Initially this value may be as high as 100,000 items/year/minute (esp. if you enthusiastically start working with the program before truly measuring its limitations, and the limitations of human memory). This parameter should later stabilize between 40 and 400 items/year/minute.<br /> :'''[http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Speed_of_learning_vs._acquisition_rate Speed=(Memorized items/Day)/(Repetitions time)*365]'''<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], every minute of work per day resulted in 342 new [[Glossary:item|items]] memorized each year''<br /> <br /> === Avg Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Cost<br /> :cost in time of memorizing a single [[Glossary:Item|item]], i.e. total learning time divided by the number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Avg Cost=[[#Total time|Total time]]/[[#Memorized items|Memorized items]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented example, the total repetition time per single [[Glossary:Item|item]] is 1 minute and 3 seconds, which is the amount of time it has contributed to the total of non-stop over 133 days of repetitions. The cost of editing, collection restructuring, [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], etc. is not included in the '''Avg Cost''' parameter''<br /> <br /> === Exp Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Cost<br /> :daily repetition time per each newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] assuming no postpones.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Cost=[[#Exp Workload|Exp Workload]]/([[#Memorized/Day|Memorized items/Day]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], each of the 18 newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] per day contributes 2 minutes and 23 seconds of repetitions to the total workload of almost 45 minutes per day. As this value is derived from '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''', it may be highly overestimated if you use '''[[Postpone]]''' a lot (e.g. in [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]])''<br /> <br /> === Interval (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (I)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 7 years, 9 months and 30 days''<br /> <br /> === Interval (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (T)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 6 years, 1 month and 9 days''<br /> <br /> === Repetitions ===<br /> <br /> ;Repetitions<br /> :average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]/[[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been repeated 3.272 times while an average [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has been reviewed 2.431 times''<br /> <br /> === Rep count ===<br /> <br /> ;Rep count<br /> :total count of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] made in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 945+ thousands of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] have been made. This is about 5 repetitions per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. That includes [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that have been reset, forgotten, dismissed, deleted, etc.''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] is June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (I)=[[#Last Rep (I)|Last Rep (I)]]+[[#Interval (I)|Interval (I)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is July 19, 2016 or 2,863 days after September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] among memorized [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. <br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (T)=[[#Last Rep (T)|Last Rep (T)]]+[[#Interval (T)|Interval (T)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] is July 30, 2016 or 2,232 days after June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Pending ===<br /> <br /> ;Pending<br /> :the number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Topic|topics]] or [[Glossary:Item|items]]) that have not yet been introduced into the learning process and await memorization (with operations such as '''[[Learn]]''', '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]''', '''Schedule''', etc). All [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]] are kept in the so-called [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] that determines the sequence of learning new [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed elements]] are not kept in the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]]. ''In the example, the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] contains no [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]]. With [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], the role of the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] in SuperMemo is diminishing''<br /> <br /> === Dismissed ===<br /> <br /> ;Dismissed<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Item|items]], [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:Concept|concepts]] or [[Glossary:Task|tasks]]) that have been excluded from the learning process and are kept only as reference material, folders in the [[Glossary:Knowledge_tree|knowledge tree]], or [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]] [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] are neither [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] nor [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]]. All [[Glossary:Task|tasks]] are [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]] by default, i.e. they usually do not take part in repetitions. ''In the example, almost 77,000 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] have been [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]]''<br /> <br /> === Average FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Average FI<br /> :average [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] in the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (the number in parentheses is the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index]). If the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of individual [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is not changed manually, '''Average FI''' is equal to the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] as set in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Forgetting index (default)'''. The [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] given to all new [[Glossary:Item|items]] added to the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|Forgetting index]], in general, is the proportion of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that are not remembered during repetitions. The lower the value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] the better the recall of the [[Glossary:Element|element]], but the more [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] will be needed to keep it in memory. Optimum value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] falls into the range from 7% to 13%. Too low a [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] makes learning too tiresome due to a prohibitively large number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]. All [[Glossary:Element|elements]] can have their [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|desired forgetting index]] set individually. The easiest way to change the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of a large number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is to use '''[[Subset operations#Forgetting index|Forgetting index]]''' option among [[subset operations]]. ''In the presented example, the average [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] is 10.00% while the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is 10%''. See: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo Using forgetting index]<br /> <br /> === Completion ===<br /> <br /> ;Completion<br /> :expected date on which all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] from the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] will be [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] assuming the present rate of learning new [[Glossary:Item|items]]. This parameter is particularly useful if you are memorizing large ready-made [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] such as [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Advanced_English Advanced English]. For '''[[#Pending|Pending]]'''=0, the value of this field is ''today''.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Completion=[[#Date|Date]]+([[#Pending|Pending]]/[[#Memorized/Day|(Memorized items/Day)]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> === A-Factor ===<br /> <br /> ;A-Factor<br /> :average value of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. For [[Glossary:item|items]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is a measure of [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. The higher the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]], the easier the [[Glossary:Item|item]]. For [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is the number by which the '''current [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]''' should be multiplied to get the value of the '''next [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Item|items]] is 4.06. This indicates that the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is rather well-structured and the material is thus relatively easy to remember. The average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] is 1.246''<br /> <br /> === Additional notes ===<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Item|Items]] are added to the [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] not only during standard repetitions when you grade an [[Glossary:Element|element]] below '''Good (4)'''. Operations such as '''Remember''' (''Ctrl+M''), '''Cloze''' (''Alt+Z''), and '''Add to drill''' (''Shift+Ctrl+D'') will also add to the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] is created automatically only if you uncheck '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Skip final drill'''<br /> * Some fields of the '''Statistics''' window can be edited. For example: '''Alarm''', '''Total time''', '''Rep count''', etc. To edit an entry, click it, type the new value and press ''Enter''. If the entry cannot be modified SuperMemo will warn you (e.g. &quot;''Retention entry cannot be modified''&quot;).<br /> * See [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey1994.htm Survey 1994] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey.htm Survey 1999] for some interesting notes about the speed of learning reached with SuperMemo<br /> <br /> == Statistics context menu ==<br /> <br /> To open the context menu:<br /> * Right-click anywhere in the window<br /> * Click the first button in the [[#Toolbar|toolbar]]<br /> <br /> Context menu items:<br /> * '''[[Calendar|Workload]]''' - the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> * '''Report''' - save the contents of the '''Statistics''' window to a text file<br /> * '''Restore layout''' (''Ctrl+F5'') - restore the SuperMemo windows layout chosen as the default one<br /> * '''Element window''' (''Esc'') - shift focus to the [[element window]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Statistics&diff=10576 2019-04-15T09:20:40Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Protection */</p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> The '''Statistics''' window allows you to inspect the main learning process statistics in the currently opened [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. It can most conveniently be viewed by pressing ''F5'' ('''[[Window menu|Window]] : [[Layouts|Layout]] : Warrior layout''').<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Statistics.jpg|186px|SuperMemo: Figure: The Statistics window where the main learning process statistics of the currently opened collection can be readily inspected]]<br /> {{:Image:Statistics.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Caption ==<br /> <br /> The caption displays the name of the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] in square brackets. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is named all.''<br /> <br /> == Toolbar ==<br /> <br /> ;[[Calendar]]<br /> :the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> ;Statistics menu<br /> :open the statistics context menu otherwise available with a right-click over the window<br /> ;[[Analysis]]<br /> :various statistics related to the learning process and [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_Algorithm SuperMemo Algorithm]<br /> ;[[Memory graphs (4D)|Memory graphs]]<br /> :visual presentation of memory functions, their approximations as used by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18], and options for resetting and re-computing memory data on the basis of [[Repetition history|repetition histories]]<br /> ;Warrior layout<br /> :arrange windows in the way optimized for the use of [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] with the '''Statistics''' window conveniently aligned to the left of the [[element window]].<br /> ;Help<br /> :view this help article<br /> <br /> == Learning parameters ==<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;bs-callout bs-callout-info&quot;&gt;<br /> To easily compare the exemplary fields with their corresponding descriptions:<br /> # Shift+click the picture above to open it in full resolution in a new browser window<br /> # Drag the title bar of the picture window to the left or right side of the screen until an outline of the expanded window appears<br /> # Release the mouse to expand the window<br /> # Repeat steps 2 and 3 with this window to arrange the windows side by side<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Date ===<br /> <br /> The current date and day of the week. If this value is preceded with ''Night'', it means that the new calendar day has already started but the old repetition day will not start until the time defined in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : [[Learning tab in Options#Midnight clock shift|Midnight shift]]'''. When the midnight shift is passed, this field will display a red warning ''Time to close: Alt+F4''. If you see that message, close/restart your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] to prevent collecting learning data with undefined repetition timing. ''In the example above, the picture snapshot was taken after midnight on Apr 01, 2019 (Mon)''<br /> <br /> === First day ===<br /> <br /> ;First day<br /> :date on which the learning process began (i.e. the day on which the first [[Glossary:Element|element]] was memorized). ''The exemplary [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] presented in the picture has been in use since December 15, 1987 (i.e. the [http://super-memory.com/english/history.htm#1987 birth date of SuperMemo for DOS])''<br /> <br /> === Period ===<br /> <br /> ;Period<br /> :number of days in the learning process (i.e. number of days between '''[[#Date|Date]]''' and '''[[#First day|First day]]''').<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Period=[[#Date|Date]]-[[#First day|First day]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> :''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has been in use for 31 years, 3 months and 17 days''<br /> <br /> === Memorized ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized<br /> :total number of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s introduced into the learning process with options such as '''[[Learn]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]'''. If an [[Glossary:Item|item]] takes part in [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] it is a [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. It does not mean it is a remembered [[Glossary:Item|item]]. A proportion of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] is always forgotten. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has 635,699 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the learning process and these elements make up 100.0% of all elements destined to enter the learning process, i.e. &lt;code&gt;Memorized/(Memorized+Pending)=100.0&lt;/code&gt;. This indicates that Pending=0 (see [[#Pending|below]])''<br /> <br /> === Memorized items ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and the proportion of memorized [[Glossary:Item|item]]s among memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. ''In the example above, 203,827 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s take part in repetitions. These [[Glossary:Item|item]]s make 32.1% of all [[Glossary:Element|element]]s taking part in the learning process (the remaining 67.9% of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s are [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, memorized [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s or memorized [[Glossary:Task|task]]s). The '''[[#Retention|Retention]]''' field indicates that 92.4937% of these [[Glossary:Item|item]]s should be remembered at any given time''<br /> <br /> === Memorized topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s and their cumulative proportion among all memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. In a well-balanced [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s should make a minority of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s served for [[Glossary:Review|review]]. If the proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s increases, the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] drops, and the learning process may gradually start to resemble traditional learning where ineffective [[Glossary:Passive_review|passive review]] predominates. You can store as many [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s in your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] as you wish as long as you make sure that you limit their [[Glossary:Review|review]] by setting appropriate [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|repetition sorting criteria]] ('''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Sorting|Sorting]] : Sorting criteria'''). ''In the picture, 431,872 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s make 67.9% of the material taking part in the learning process''<br /> <br /> === Memorized/Day ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized/Day<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s memorized per day: &lt;code&gt;(Memorized items)/Day&lt;/code&gt;. ''In the example, the average of 17.8311 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s have been memorized daily in the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] over the previous 31+ years. This is typical of an average student as long as regular reviews are executed on a daily basis''<br /> <br /> === Total ===<br /> <br /> ;Total<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. Two relationships hold true:<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Memorized|Memorized]]+[[#Pending|Pending]]+[[#Dismissed|Dismissed]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Topics|Topic]]s+[[#Items|Item]]s&lt;/code&gt; ([[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s are counted with the '''Topics''' statistic)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :Deleted [[Glossary:Element|element]]s do not contribute to the total count of elements in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the picture, the presented collection is made of 727,259 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s (largest [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]s reported by users reached beyond a half million elements)''<br /> <br /> === Items ===<br /> <br /> ;Items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the example, the collection includes 207,443 items''<br /> <br /> === Topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection includes 519,816 topics (counted together with concepts and tasks)''<br /> <br /> === Outstanding ===<br /> <br /> ;Outstanding<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, outstanding [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s and [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] items scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on this given day. The first number (before +) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for this given day and not yet processed. The second number (after the plus sign) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] for this day. The third number (after the second plus sign), if present, indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that have already been repeated today but scored less than '''Good (4)'''. Those are the [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that make up the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The final drill queue is built only if '''Skip final drill''' is unchecked in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options|Learning]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], there are still 3521 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on Apr 01, 2019. There are also 1297 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] on that day as part of the [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process. There are no [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] (the third component of the '''Outstanding''' parameter is missing)''<br /> <br /> === Review ===<br /> <br /> ;Review<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] scheduled for [[Subset learning|subset review]] (e.g. [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Subset learning#Neural review|neural review]] in '''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Go neural|Go neural]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Branch review|branch repetitions]] in '''[[Contents]]'''' '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Search and review|browser subset repetitions]] in the [[browser]]'s '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the random test queue in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Random test|Random test]]''', etc.). The display may have a form of ''Neuro=&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] to do&gt;'' in [[Neural creativity|neural review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Item|items]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Topic|topics]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] to do&gt;+(&lt;subset description&gt;)'' in [[Subset learning|subset review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] unprocessed&gt;/&lt;all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the test&gt;'' in random tests. ''Here 86 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] remain in [[Glossary:Neural_review|neural review]]. [[Neural creativity|Neural review]] is most often executed with Ctrl+F2 in the [[element window]] or [[browser]], or Alt+N in the [[registry window]]''<br /> <br /> === Protection ===<br /> <br /> Current day's degree of processing of the top priority material. '''Important''': As the statistic is taken from the top of the queue of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s or [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s (not the top of [[Glossary:Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]], which is a randomized mix of the two), if you change the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the top [[Glossary:Item|item]], you will see a false value in '''Statistics''' until you review that [[Glossary:Item|item]] of changed [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] (this behavior is by design to prevent the need to scan the entire queue at each update to statistics). ''In the example, only 0.031% of top priority [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, and 0% of top priority [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s have been processed. 0.031% protection does not mean going through 0.031% of the outstanding items queue. It means that the highest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of unprocessed [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the queue is 0.031%''<br /> <br /> === Retention ===<br /> <br /> ;Retention<br /> :estimated average knowledge [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for high-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] should be higher than the one listed. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] may be much lower driving the average down. To judge upon the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of top-priority material, see '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Graphs|Graphs]] : [[Analysis#Forgetting Index vs. Priority|Forgetting index vs. Priority]]'''. ''In the example, 92.8374% of the material should be recalled in a random test on all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] at any time. You can test your [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] using random tests and see if SuperMemo's estimates are accurate. This statistic may be overly optimistic if you have recently abused rescheduling tools such as '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Mercy]]'''.''<br /> <br /> === Measured FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Measured FI<br /> :value of the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] as recorded during repetitions. The number in the parentheses indicates '''Measured FI''' for the day. In [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] with heavy [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Overload|overload]], [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] may be much lower than the overall [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] for the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] due to the fact that repetitions include primarily high-priority material. It can also be lower than the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] when transitioning from more randomized to more prioritized sorting (as determined by [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|sorting criteria]]) or when [http://www.super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm knowledge formulation and mnemonic skills] improve before this fact can be reflected in the [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curve]]. It is also not uncommon to have '''Measured FI''' higher than '''[[#Average FI|Average FI]]'''. This is due to three factors:<br /> # every user will experience delays in repetitions from time to time (e.g. as a result of using '''[[Postpone]]'''),<br /> # low-priority material in the overloaded incremental reading process is scheduled in [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] longer than [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum intervals]], and<br /> # SuperMemo imposes some constraints on the length of [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] that, in some cases, make it schedule repetitions later than it would be implied by the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]]. The constraints in computing [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]], for example, prevent the new [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] from being shorter than the old [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] (assuming the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has not been forgotten). For low values of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] and for difficult [[Glossary:Item|items]], the new [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] might often be shorter than the old one! '''Measured FI''' can be reset with '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : Reset parameters : Forgetting index record'''.<br /> :''In the presented example, an average of 13.97% of item repetitions end with a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] less than '''Pass (3)''' (since the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] record has last been reset). On May 04, 2016, 3.8% of repetitions ended in failure thus far (i.e. with a grade less than '''Pass''').''<br /> <br /> === R-Metric ===<br /> <br /> ;[[Glossary:R-Metric|R-Metric]]<br /> :absolute measure of performance of two [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]] algorithms based on their ability to predict recall before a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] is scored. In [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]], '''R-Metric''' is used solely to compare [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] (known from SuperMemo 16) and the new [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. It is shown as percentage in '''Statistics''' and '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Use|Use]] : Efficiency : [[Analysis#Use_:_Efficiency_:_R-Metric|R-Metric]]'''. '''R-Metric''' is a difference between the performance of the two algorithms: &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is the least squares predicted recall measure for a given algorithm. '''R-Metric''' greater than zero shows superiority of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. '''R-Metric''' less than zero indicates underperformance of the new algorithm. &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is a square root of the average of squared absolute differences in recall predictions: &lt;code&gt;abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 0 for failing [[Glossary:Grade|grades]] and &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for passing grades. &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; is a prediction issued by the algorithm before the [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. In [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17], the prediction is a weighted average of the value taken from the [[Glossary:Recall_matrix|Recall[] matrix]], and [[Glossary:Retrievability|R (retrievability)]] computed from [[Glossary:Stability|S (stability)]] and the used [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]. The weight used is based on prior repetition cases which inform of the significance of the Recall[] matrix prediction (the prediction becomes more meaningful with more prior repetition data).<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;LSRM(Alg)=sqrt(sum(sqr(ARD)))&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;ARD=abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for Grade&gt;=3, and 0 for Grade&lt;3<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; in [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]]: &lt;code&gt;weight*Recall[]+(1-weight)*R&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;weight (0..1)&lt;/code&gt; depends on the number of prior repetition cases<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R=exp(-kt/s)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :''In this case, R-Metric of 17.0302% shows a huge advantage of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17] over [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] on that particular day (May 4, 2016)''<br /> <br /> === Alarm ===<br /> <br /> ;Alarm<br /> :time left till the next alarm and the hour at which the alarm will ring off (to learn more about alarms see: [[Plan]]). This field is editable. To change the alarm setting, click the field and type in the new time in minutes (e.g. 21.5 will set the alarm to sound in 21 minutes and 30 seconds). To end editing, press ''Enter''. ''In the example, the alarm will sound off in 5 minutes and 26 seconds at 00:18:39''<br /> <br /> === Burden ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden<br /> :estimation of the average number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] repeated per day. This value is equal to the [[Glossary:Burden|sum of all interval reciprocals]] (i.e. 1/[[Glossary:Interval|interval]]). The interpretation of this number is as follows: every [[Glossary:Item|item]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 100 days is on average repeated 1/100 times per day. Thus the sum of interval reciprocals is a good indicator of the total [[Calendar|repetitions workload]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection requires 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day and 555 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per day. In [[incremental reading]], it is not unusual to have many more [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the process than one can handle. '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]''' can be used to unload the excess of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] as well as to reduce the load of low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]]. '''[[Postpone]]''' skews the '''Burden''' statistic. [[Glossary:Topic|Topics]] often crowd at lower [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] and are regularly reshuffled with '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]'''''<br /> <br /> === Burden +/- ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden +/-<br /> :change of the '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''' parameter above on a given day. ''Here, on May 04, 2016, the average number of expected daily repetitions was slightly decreased (i.e. by 8 [[Glossary:Item|items]]). The [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] load was also decreased (i.e. by almost 90 [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]). Exemplary interpretation of a burden change: Let's say '''Burden''' dropped by 39 (burden change of -39). To reduce the burden by 39, one would need to review 78 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with an [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 1 to 2 days (78*0.5=39). However, one could equally well execute '''[[Postpone]]''' on 2344 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 10 to 12 days (2344*(1/10-1/12)=39)''<br /> <br /> === Avg Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Workload<br /> :average time spent on responding to questions per day (from the first day of learning). ''For the presented collection, the student spent on average 18 minutes and 30 seconds per day on answering [[Glossary:Item|items]] over the period spanning 28 years 4 months and 20 days between May 04, 2016 and December 15, 1987 when the very first repetition was made.''<br /> <br /> === Exp Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Workload<br /> :estimation of the average daily time used for responding to questions in a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Workload=([[#Burden|Item Burden]])*[[#Avg time|Avg time]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day taking 9.922 seconds each result in a daily repetition time estimated at 44 minutes and 52 seconds. A real learning time may be twice longer due to grading, editing, reviewing the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and various interruptions. In [[incremental reading]], the learning time will increase further due to [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|review]] that is not taken into account in the '''Exp Workload''' parameter. The real learning time may also be cut if '''[[Postpone]]''' is used often''<br /> <br /> === Time ===<br /> <br /> ;Time<br /> :total question response time on a given day and the total session time (in parentheses). ''Here the total time needed to respond to questions on May 04, 2016 was 14 minutes and 31 seconds. On the same day, SuperMemo has been running for 3 hours, 19 minutes and 1 second (this value will increase even if you simply keep SuperMemo running)''<br /> <br /> === Avg time ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg time<br /> :average response time in seconds. This is the time that elapses between displaying the question (or equivalent) and choosing '''Show answer''' (or equivalent). The timer does not stop if you start editing the question before pressing '''Show answer'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average time to answer a single question is around 9.922 seconds. If this number grows beyond 15-20 seconds, you may need to analyze your learning material if it is not overly difficult or [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm badly structured]''<br /> <br /> === Total time ===<br /> <br /> ;Total time<br /> :total time taken by responding to questions in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. This time cannot be accurately measured for [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] created with SuperMemo 98 or earlier (the measurements were made possible only in SuperMemo 99). If you upgrade older [[Glossary:Collection|collections]], this number will roughly be guessed for you. SuperMemo will derive this time from the total number of [[Glossary:Item|items]], average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]], average number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]], and the average repetition time. ''In the presented example, answering questions during repetitions took the total of over 133 days in over 28 years of learning''<br /> <br /> === Lapses ===<br /> <br /> ;Lapses<br /> :average number of times individual [[Glossary:Item|items]] have been forgotten in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (only [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized elements]] are averaged). The number in parentheses shows the number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]] on a given day. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Element|element]] has been forgotten 0.51239 times. On May 04, 2016, 3 [[Glossary:Item|items]] have thus far been graded less than '''Pass (3)'''''<br /> <br /> === Speed ===<br /> <br /> ;Speed<br /> :[[Glossary:Acquisition_rate|average knowledge acquisition rate]], i.e. the number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] memorized per year per minute of daily work (only answering item questions counts). Initially this value may be as high as 100,000 items/year/minute (esp. if you enthusiastically start working with the program before truly measuring its limitations, and the limitations of human memory). This parameter should later stabilize between 40 and 400 items/year/minute.<br /> :'''[http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Speed_of_learning_vs._acquisition_rate Speed=(Memorized items/Day)/(Repetitions time)*365]'''<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], every minute of work per day resulted in 342 new [[Glossary:item|items]] memorized each year''<br /> <br /> === Avg Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Cost<br /> :cost in time of memorizing a single [[Glossary:Item|item]], i.e. total learning time divided by the number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Avg Cost=[[#Total time|Total time]]/[[#Memorized items|Memorized items]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented example, the total repetition time per single [[Glossary:Item|item]] is 1 minute and 3 seconds, which is the amount of time it has contributed to the total of non-stop over 133 days of repetitions. The cost of editing, collection restructuring, [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], etc. is not included in the '''Avg Cost''' parameter''<br /> <br /> === Exp Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Cost<br /> :daily repetition time per each newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] assuming no postpones.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Cost=[[#Exp Workload|Exp Workload]]/([[#Memorized/Day|Memorized items/Day]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], each of the 18 newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] per day contributes 2 minutes and 23 seconds of repetitions to the total workload of almost 45 minutes per day. As this value is derived from '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''', it may be highly overestimated if you use '''[[Postpone]]''' a lot (e.g. in [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]])''<br /> <br /> === Interval (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (I)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 7 years, 9 months and 30 days''<br /> <br /> === Interval (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (T)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 6 years, 1 month and 9 days''<br /> <br /> === Repetitions ===<br /> <br /> ;Repetitions<br /> :average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]/[[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been repeated 3.272 times while an average [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has been reviewed 2.431 times''<br /> <br /> === Rep count ===<br /> <br /> ;Rep count<br /> :total count of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] made in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 945+ thousands of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] have been made. This is about 5 repetitions per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. That includes [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that have been reset, forgotten, dismissed, deleted, etc.''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] is June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (I)=[[#Last Rep (I)|Last Rep (I)]]+[[#Interval (I)|Interval (I)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is July 19, 2016 or 2,863 days after September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] among memorized [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. <br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (T)=[[#Last Rep (T)|Last Rep (T)]]+[[#Interval (T)|Interval (T)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] is July 30, 2016 or 2,232 days after June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Pending ===<br /> <br /> ;Pending<br /> :the number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Topic|topics]] or [[Glossary:Item|items]]) that have not yet been introduced into the learning process and await memorization (with operations such as '''[[Learn]]''', '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]''', '''Schedule''', etc). All [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]] are kept in the so-called [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] that determines the sequence of learning new [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed elements]] are not kept in the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]]. ''In the example, the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] contains no [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]]. With [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], the role of the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] in SuperMemo is diminishing''<br /> <br /> === Dismissed ===<br /> <br /> ;Dismissed<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Item|items]], [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:Concept|concepts]] or [[Glossary:Task|tasks]]) that have been excluded from the learning process and are kept only as reference material, folders in the [[Glossary:Knowledge_tree|knowledge tree]], or [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]] [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] are neither [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] nor [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]]. All [[Glossary:Task|tasks]] are [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]] by default, i.e. they usually do not take part in repetitions. ''In the example, almost 77,000 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] have been [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]]''<br /> <br /> === Average FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Average FI<br /> :average [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] in the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (the number in parentheses is the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index]). If the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of individual [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is not changed manually, '''Average FI''' is equal to the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] as set in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Forgetting index (default)'''. The [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] given to all new [[Glossary:Item|items]] added to the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|Forgetting index]], in general, is the proportion of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that are not remembered during repetitions. The lower the value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] the better the recall of the [[Glossary:Element|element]], but the more [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] will be needed to keep it in memory. Optimum value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] falls into the range from 7% to 13%. Too low a [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] makes learning too tiresome due to a prohibitively large number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]. All [[Glossary:Element|elements]] can have their [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|desired forgetting index]] set individually. The easiest way to change the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of a large number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is to use '''[[Subset operations#Forgetting index|Forgetting index]]''' option among [[subset operations]]. ''In the presented example, the average [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] is 10.00% while the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is 10%''. See: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo Using forgetting index]<br /> <br /> === Completion ===<br /> <br /> ;Completion<br /> :expected date on which all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] from the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] will be [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] assuming the present rate of learning new [[Glossary:Item|items]]. This parameter is particularly useful if you are memorizing large ready-made [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] such as [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Advanced_English Advanced English]. For '''[[#Pending|Pending]]'''=0, the value of this field is ''today''.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Completion=[[#Date|Date]]+([[#Pending|Pending]]/[[#Memorized/Day|(Memorized items/Day)]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> === A-Factor ===<br /> <br /> ;A-Factor<br /> :average value of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. For [[Glossary:item|items]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is a measure of [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. The higher the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]], the easier the [[Glossary:Item|item]]. For [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is the number by which the '''current [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]''' should be multiplied to get the value of the '''next [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Item|items]] is 4.06. This indicates that the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is rather well-structured and the material is thus relatively easy to remember. The average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] is 1.246''<br /> <br /> === Additional notes ===<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Item|Items]] are added to the [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] not only during standard repetitions when you grade an [[Glossary:Element|element]] below '''Good (4)'''. Operations such as '''Remember''' (''Ctrl+M''), '''Cloze''' (''Alt+Z''), and '''Add to drill''' (''Shift+Ctrl+D'') will also add to the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] is created automatically only if you uncheck '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Skip final drill'''<br /> * Some fields of the '''Statistics''' window can be edited. For example: '''Alarm''', '''Total time''', '''Rep count''', etc. To edit an entry, click it, type the new value and press ''Enter''. If the entry cannot be modified SuperMemo will warn you (e.g. &quot;''Retention entry cannot be modified''&quot;).<br /> * See [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey1994.htm Survey 1994] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey.htm Survey 1999] for some interesting notes about the speed of learning reached with SuperMemo<br /> <br /> == Statistics context menu ==<br /> <br /> To open the context menu:<br /> * Right-click anywhere in the window<br /> * Click the first button in the [[#Toolbar|toolbar]]<br /> <br /> Context menu items:<br /> * '''[[Calendar|Workload]]''' - the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> * '''Report''' - save the contents of the '''Statistics''' window to a text file<br /> * '''Restore layout''' (''Ctrl+F5'') - restore the SuperMemo windows layout chosen as the default one<br /> * '''Element window''' (''Esc'') - shift focus to the [[element window]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Statistics&diff=10575 2019-04-15T09:20:22Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Protection */</p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> The '''Statistics''' window allows you to inspect the main learning process statistics in the currently opened [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. It can most conveniently be viewed by pressing ''F5'' ('''[[Window menu|Window]] : [[Layouts|Layout]] : Warrior layout''').<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Statistics.jpg|186px|SuperMemo: Figure: The Statistics window where the main learning process statistics of the currently opened collection can be readily inspected]]<br /> {{:Image:Statistics.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Caption ==<br /> <br /> The caption displays the name of the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] in square brackets. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is named all.''<br /> <br /> == Toolbar ==<br /> <br /> ;[[Calendar]]<br /> :the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> ;Statistics menu<br /> :open the statistics context menu otherwise available with a right-click over the window<br /> ;[[Analysis]]<br /> :various statistics related to the learning process and [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_Algorithm SuperMemo Algorithm]<br /> ;[[Memory graphs (4D)|Memory graphs]]<br /> :visual presentation of memory functions, their approximations as used by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18], and options for resetting and re-computing memory data on the basis of [[Repetition history|repetition histories]]<br /> ;Warrior layout<br /> :arrange windows in the way optimized for the use of [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] with the '''Statistics''' window conveniently aligned to the left of the [[element window]].<br /> ;Help<br /> :view this help article<br /> <br /> == Learning parameters ==<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;bs-callout bs-callout-info&quot;&gt;<br /> To easily compare the exemplary fields with their corresponding descriptions:<br /> # Shift+click the picture above to open it in full resolution in a new browser window<br /> # Drag the title bar of the picture window to the left or right side of the screen until an outline of the expanded window appears<br /> # Release the mouse to expand the window<br /> # Repeat steps 2 and 3 with this window to arrange the windows side by side<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Date ===<br /> <br /> The current date and day of the week. If this value is preceded with ''Night'', it means that the new calendar day has already started but the old repetition day will not start until the time defined in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : [[Learning tab in Options#Midnight clock shift|Midnight shift]]'''. When the midnight shift is passed, this field will display a red warning ''Time to close: Alt+F4''. If you see that message, close/restart your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] to prevent collecting learning data with undefined repetition timing. ''In the example above, the picture snapshot was taken after midnight on Apr 01, 2019 (Mon)''<br /> <br /> === First day ===<br /> <br /> ;First day<br /> :date on which the learning process began (i.e. the day on which the first [[Glossary:Element|element]] was memorized). ''The exemplary [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] presented in the picture has been in use since December 15, 1987 (i.e. the [http://super-memory.com/english/history.htm#1987 birth date of SuperMemo for DOS])''<br /> <br /> === Period ===<br /> <br /> ;Period<br /> :number of days in the learning process (i.e. number of days between '''[[#Date|Date]]''' and '''[[#First day|First day]]''').<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Period=[[#Date|Date]]-[[#First day|First day]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> :''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has been in use for 31 years, 3 months and 17 days''<br /> <br /> === Memorized ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized<br /> :total number of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s introduced into the learning process with options such as '''[[Learn]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]'''. If an [[Glossary:Item|item]] takes part in [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] it is a [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. It does not mean it is a remembered [[Glossary:Item|item]]. A proportion of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] is always forgotten. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has 635,699 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the learning process and these elements make up 100.0% of all elements destined to enter the learning process, i.e. &lt;code&gt;Memorized/(Memorized+Pending)=100.0&lt;/code&gt;. This indicates that Pending=0 (see [[#Pending|below]])''<br /> <br /> === Memorized items ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and the proportion of memorized [[Glossary:Item|item]]s among memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. ''In the example above, 203,827 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s take part in repetitions. These [[Glossary:Item|item]]s make 32.1% of all [[Glossary:Element|element]]s taking part in the learning process (the remaining 67.9% of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s are [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, memorized [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s or memorized [[Glossary:Task|task]]s). The '''[[#Retention|Retention]]''' field indicates that 92.4937% of these [[Glossary:Item|item]]s should be remembered at any given time''<br /> <br /> === Memorized topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s and their cumulative proportion among all memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. In a well-balanced [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s should make a minority of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s served for [[Glossary:Review|review]]. If the proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s increases, the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] drops, and the learning process may gradually start to resemble traditional learning where ineffective [[Glossary:Passive_review|passive review]] predominates. You can store as many [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s in your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] as you wish as long as you make sure that you limit their [[Glossary:Review|review]] by setting appropriate [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|repetition sorting criteria]] ('''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Sorting|Sorting]] : Sorting criteria'''). ''In the picture, 431,872 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s make 67.9% of the material taking part in the learning process''<br /> <br /> === Memorized/Day ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized/Day<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s memorized per day: &lt;code&gt;(Memorized items)/Day&lt;/code&gt;. ''In the example, the average of 17.8311 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s have been memorized daily in the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] over the previous 31+ years. This is typical of an average student as long as regular reviews are executed on a daily basis''<br /> <br /> === Total ===<br /> <br /> ;Total<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. Two relationships hold true:<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Memorized|Memorized]]+[[#Pending|Pending]]+[[#Dismissed|Dismissed]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Topics|Topic]]s+[[#Items|Item]]s&lt;/code&gt; ([[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s are counted with the '''Topics''' statistic)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :Deleted [[Glossary:Element|element]]s do not contribute to the total count of elements in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the picture, the presented collection is made of 727,259 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s (largest [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]s reported by users reached beyond a half million elements)''<br /> <br /> === Items ===<br /> <br /> ;Items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the example, the collection includes 207,443 items''<br /> <br /> === Topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection includes 519,816 topics (counted together with concepts and tasks)''<br /> <br /> === Outstanding ===<br /> <br /> ;Outstanding<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, outstanding [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s and [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] items scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on this given day. The first number (before +) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for this given day and not yet processed. The second number (after the plus sign) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] for this day. The third number (after the second plus sign), if present, indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that have already been repeated today but scored less than '''Good (4)'''. Those are the [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that make up the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The final drill queue is built only if '''Skip final drill''' is unchecked in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options|Learning]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], there are still 3521 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on Apr 01, 2019. There are also 1297 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] on that day as part of the [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process. There are no [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] (the third component of the '''Outstanding''' parameter is missing)''<br /> <br /> === Review ===<br /> <br /> ;Review<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] scheduled for [[Subset learning|subset review]] (e.g. [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Subset learning#Neural review|neural review]] in '''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Go neural|Go neural]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Branch review|branch repetitions]] in '''[[Contents]]'''' '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Search and review|browser subset repetitions]] in the [[browser]]'s '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the random test queue in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Random test|Random test]]''', etc.). The display may have a form of ''Neuro=&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] to do&gt;'' in [[Neural creativity|neural review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Item|items]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Topic|topics]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] to do&gt;+(&lt;subset description&gt;)'' in [[Subset learning|subset review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] unprocessed&gt;/&lt;all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the test&gt;'' in random tests. ''Here 86 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] remain in [[Glossary:Neural_review|neural review]]. [[Neural creativity|Neural review]] is most often executed with Ctrl+F2 in the [[element window]] or [[browser]], or Alt+N in the [[registry window]]''<br /> <br /> === Protection ===<br /> <br /> Current days's degree of processing of the top priority material. '''Important''': As the statistic is taken from the top of the queue of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s or [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s (not the top of [[Glossary:Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]], which is a randomized mix of the two), if you change the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the top [[Glossary:Item|item]], you will see a false value in '''Statistics''' until you review that [[Glossary:Item|item]] of changed [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] (this behavior is by design to prevent the need to scan the entire queue at each update to statistics). ''In the example, only 0.031% of top priority [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, and 0% of top priority [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s have been processed. 0.031% protection does not mean going through 0.031% of the outstanding items queue. It means that the highest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of unprocessed [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the queue is 0.031%''<br /> <br /> === Retention ===<br /> <br /> ;Retention<br /> :estimated average knowledge [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for high-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] should be higher than the one listed. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] may be much lower driving the average down. To judge upon the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of top-priority material, see '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Graphs|Graphs]] : [[Analysis#Forgetting Index vs. Priority|Forgetting index vs. Priority]]'''. ''In the example, 92.8374% of the material should be recalled in a random test on all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] at any time. You can test your [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] using random tests and see if SuperMemo's estimates are accurate. This statistic may be overly optimistic if you have recently abused rescheduling tools such as '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Mercy]]'''.''<br /> <br /> === Measured FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Measured FI<br /> :value of the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] as recorded during repetitions. The number in the parentheses indicates '''Measured FI''' for the day. In [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] with heavy [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Overload|overload]], [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] may be much lower than the overall [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] for the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] due to the fact that repetitions include primarily high-priority material. It can also be lower than the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] when transitioning from more randomized to more prioritized sorting (as determined by [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|sorting criteria]]) or when [http://www.super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm knowledge formulation and mnemonic skills] improve before this fact can be reflected in the [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curve]]. It is also not uncommon to have '''Measured FI''' higher than '''[[#Average FI|Average FI]]'''. This is due to three factors:<br /> # every user will experience delays in repetitions from time to time (e.g. as a result of using '''[[Postpone]]'''),<br /> # low-priority material in the overloaded incremental reading process is scheduled in [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] longer than [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum intervals]], and<br /> # SuperMemo imposes some constraints on the length of [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] that, in some cases, make it schedule repetitions later than it would be implied by the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]]. The constraints in computing [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]], for example, prevent the new [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] from being shorter than the old [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] (assuming the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has not been forgotten). For low values of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] and for difficult [[Glossary:Item|items]], the new [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] might often be shorter than the old one! '''Measured FI''' can be reset with '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : Reset parameters : Forgetting index record'''.<br /> :''In the presented example, an average of 13.97% of item repetitions end with a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] less than '''Pass (3)''' (since the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] record has last been reset). On May 04, 2016, 3.8% of repetitions ended in failure thus far (i.e. with a grade less than '''Pass''').''<br /> <br /> === R-Metric ===<br /> <br /> ;[[Glossary:R-Metric|R-Metric]]<br /> :absolute measure of performance of two [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]] algorithms based on their ability to predict recall before a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] is scored. In [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]], '''R-Metric''' is used solely to compare [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] (known from SuperMemo 16) and the new [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. It is shown as percentage in '''Statistics''' and '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Use|Use]] : Efficiency : [[Analysis#Use_:_Efficiency_:_R-Metric|R-Metric]]'''. '''R-Metric''' is a difference between the performance of the two algorithms: &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is the least squares predicted recall measure for a given algorithm. '''R-Metric''' greater than zero shows superiority of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. '''R-Metric''' less than zero indicates underperformance of the new algorithm. &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is a square root of the average of squared absolute differences in recall predictions: &lt;code&gt;abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 0 for failing [[Glossary:Grade|grades]] and &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for passing grades. &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; is a prediction issued by the algorithm before the [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. In [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17], the prediction is a weighted average of the value taken from the [[Glossary:Recall_matrix|Recall[] matrix]], and [[Glossary:Retrievability|R (retrievability)]] computed from [[Glossary:Stability|S (stability)]] and the used [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]. The weight used is based on prior repetition cases which inform of the significance of the Recall[] matrix prediction (the prediction becomes more meaningful with more prior repetition data).<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;LSRM(Alg)=sqrt(sum(sqr(ARD)))&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;ARD=abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for Grade&gt;=3, and 0 for Grade&lt;3<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; in [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]]: &lt;code&gt;weight*Recall[]+(1-weight)*R&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;weight (0..1)&lt;/code&gt; depends on the number of prior repetition cases<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R=exp(-kt/s)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :''In this case, R-Metric of 17.0302% shows a huge advantage of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17] over [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] on that particular day (May 4, 2016)''<br /> <br /> === Alarm ===<br /> <br /> ;Alarm<br /> :time left till the next alarm and the hour at which the alarm will ring off (to learn more about alarms see: [[Plan]]). This field is editable. To change the alarm setting, click the field and type in the new time in minutes (e.g. 21.5 will set the alarm to sound in 21 minutes and 30 seconds). To end editing, press ''Enter''. ''In the example, the alarm will sound off in 5 minutes and 26 seconds at 00:18:39''<br /> <br /> === Burden ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden<br /> :estimation of the average number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] repeated per day. This value is equal to the [[Glossary:Burden|sum of all interval reciprocals]] (i.e. 1/[[Glossary:Interval|interval]]). The interpretation of this number is as follows: every [[Glossary:Item|item]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 100 days is on average repeated 1/100 times per day. Thus the sum of interval reciprocals is a good indicator of the total [[Calendar|repetitions workload]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection requires 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day and 555 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per day. In [[incremental reading]], it is not unusual to have many more [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the process than one can handle. '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]''' can be used to unload the excess of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] as well as to reduce the load of low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]]. '''[[Postpone]]''' skews the '''Burden''' statistic. [[Glossary:Topic|Topics]] often crowd at lower [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] and are regularly reshuffled with '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]'''''<br /> <br /> === Burden +/- ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden +/-<br /> :change of the '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''' parameter above on a given day. ''Here, on May 04, 2016, the average number of expected daily repetitions was slightly decreased (i.e. by 8 [[Glossary:Item|items]]). The [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] load was also decreased (i.e. by almost 90 [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]). Exemplary interpretation of a burden change: Let's say '''Burden''' dropped by 39 (burden change of -39). To reduce the burden by 39, one would need to review 78 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with an [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 1 to 2 days (78*0.5=39). However, one could equally well execute '''[[Postpone]]''' on 2344 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 10 to 12 days (2344*(1/10-1/12)=39)''<br /> <br /> === Avg Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Workload<br /> :average time spent on responding to questions per day (from the first day of learning). ''For the presented collection, the student spent on average 18 minutes and 30 seconds per day on answering [[Glossary:Item|items]] over the period spanning 28 years 4 months and 20 days between May 04, 2016 and December 15, 1987 when the very first repetition was made.''<br /> <br /> === Exp Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Workload<br /> :estimation of the average daily time used for responding to questions in a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Workload=([[#Burden|Item Burden]])*[[#Avg time|Avg time]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day taking 9.922 seconds each result in a daily repetition time estimated at 44 minutes and 52 seconds. A real learning time may be twice longer due to grading, editing, reviewing the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and various interruptions. In [[incremental reading]], the learning time will increase further due to [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|review]] that is not taken into account in the '''Exp Workload''' parameter. The real learning time may also be cut if '''[[Postpone]]''' is used often''<br /> <br /> === Time ===<br /> <br /> ;Time<br /> :total question response time on a given day and the total session time (in parentheses). ''Here the total time needed to respond to questions on May 04, 2016 was 14 minutes and 31 seconds. On the same day, SuperMemo has been running for 3 hours, 19 minutes and 1 second (this value will increase even if you simply keep SuperMemo running)''<br /> <br /> === Avg time ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg time<br /> :average response time in seconds. This is the time that elapses between displaying the question (or equivalent) and choosing '''Show answer''' (or equivalent). The timer does not stop if you start editing the question before pressing '''Show answer'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average time to answer a single question is around 9.922 seconds. If this number grows beyond 15-20 seconds, you may need to analyze your learning material if it is not overly difficult or [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm badly structured]''<br /> <br /> === Total time ===<br /> <br /> ;Total time<br /> :total time taken by responding to questions in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. This time cannot be accurately measured for [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] created with SuperMemo 98 or earlier (the measurements were made possible only in SuperMemo 99). If you upgrade older [[Glossary:Collection|collections]], this number will roughly be guessed for you. SuperMemo will derive this time from the total number of [[Glossary:Item|items]], average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]], average number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]], and the average repetition time. ''In the presented example, answering questions during repetitions took the total of over 133 days in over 28 years of learning''<br /> <br /> === Lapses ===<br /> <br /> ;Lapses<br /> :average number of times individual [[Glossary:Item|items]] have been forgotten in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (only [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized elements]] are averaged). The number in parentheses shows the number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]] on a given day. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Element|element]] has been forgotten 0.51239 times. On May 04, 2016, 3 [[Glossary:Item|items]] have thus far been graded less than '''Pass (3)'''''<br /> <br /> === Speed ===<br /> <br /> ;Speed<br /> :[[Glossary:Acquisition_rate|average knowledge acquisition rate]], i.e. the number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] memorized per year per minute of daily work (only answering item questions counts). Initially this value may be as high as 100,000 items/year/minute (esp. if you enthusiastically start working with the program before truly measuring its limitations, and the limitations of human memory). This parameter should later stabilize between 40 and 400 items/year/minute.<br /> :'''[http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Speed_of_learning_vs._acquisition_rate Speed=(Memorized items/Day)/(Repetitions time)*365]'''<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], every minute of work per day resulted in 342 new [[Glossary:item|items]] memorized each year''<br /> <br /> === Avg Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Cost<br /> :cost in time of memorizing a single [[Glossary:Item|item]], i.e. total learning time divided by the number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Avg Cost=[[#Total time|Total time]]/[[#Memorized items|Memorized items]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented example, the total repetition time per single [[Glossary:Item|item]] is 1 minute and 3 seconds, which is the amount of time it has contributed to the total of non-stop over 133 days of repetitions. The cost of editing, collection restructuring, [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], etc. is not included in the '''Avg Cost''' parameter''<br /> <br /> === Exp Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Cost<br /> :daily repetition time per each newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] assuming no postpones.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Cost=[[#Exp Workload|Exp Workload]]/([[#Memorized/Day|Memorized items/Day]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], each of the 18 newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] per day contributes 2 minutes and 23 seconds of repetitions to the total workload of almost 45 minutes per day. As this value is derived from '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''', it may be highly overestimated if you use '''[[Postpone]]''' a lot (e.g. in [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]])''<br /> <br /> === Interval (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (I)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 7 years, 9 months and 30 days''<br /> <br /> === Interval (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (T)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 6 years, 1 month and 9 days''<br /> <br /> === Repetitions ===<br /> <br /> ;Repetitions<br /> :average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]/[[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been repeated 3.272 times while an average [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has been reviewed 2.431 times''<br /> <br /> === Rep count ===<br /> <br /> ;Rep count<br /> :total count of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] made in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 945+ thousands of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] have been made. This is about 5 repetitions per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. That includes [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that have been reset, forgotten, dismissed, deleted, etc.''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] is June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (I)=[[#Last Rep (I)|Last Rep (I)]]+[[#Interval (I)|Interval (I)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is July 19, 2016 or 2,863 days after September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] among memorized [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. <br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (T)=[[#Last Rep (T)|Last Rep (T)]]+[[#Interval (T)|Interval (T)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] is July 30, 2016 or 2,232 days after June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Pending ===<br /> <br /> ;Pending<br /> :the number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Topic|topics]] or [[Glossary:Item|items]]) that have not yet been introduced into the learning process and await memorization (with operations such as '''[[Learn]]''', '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]''', '''Schedule''', etc). All [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]] are kept in the so-called [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] that determines the sequence of learning new [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed elements]] are not kept in the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]]. ''In the example, the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] contains no [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]]. With [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], the role of the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] in SuperMemo is diminishing''<br /> <br /> === Dismissed ===<br /> <br /> ;Dismissed<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Item|items]], [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:Concept|concepts]] or [[Glossary:Task|tasks]]) that have been excluded from the learning process and are kept only as reference material, folders in the [[Glossary:Knowledge_tree|knowledge tree]], or [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]] [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] are neither [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] nor [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]]. All [[Glossary:Task|tasks]] are [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]] by default, i.e. they usually do not take part in repetitions. ''In the example, almost 77,000 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] have been [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]]''<br /> <br /> === Average FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Average FI<br /> :average [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] in the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (the number in parentheses is the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index]). If the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of individual [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is not changed manually, '''Average FI''' is equal to the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] as set in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Forgetting index (default)'''. The [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] given to all new [[Glossary:Item|items]] added to the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|Forgetting index]], in general, is the proportion of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that are not remembered during repetitions. The lower the value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] the better the recall of the [[Glossary:Element|element]], but the more [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] will be needed to keep it in memory. Optimum value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] falls into the range from 7% to 13%. Too low a [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] makes learning too tiresome due to a prohibitively large number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]. All [[Glossary:Element|elements]] can have their [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|desired forgetting index]] set individually. The easiest way to change the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of a large number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is to use '''[[Subset operations#Forgetting index|Forgetting index]]''' option among [[subset operations]]. ''In the presented example, the average [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] is 10.00% while the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is 10%''. See: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo Using forgetting index]<br /> <br /> === Completion ===<br /> <br /> ;Completion<br /> :expected date on which all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] from the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] will be [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] assuming the present rate of learning new [[Glossary:Item|items]]. This parameter is particularly useful if you are memorizing large ready-made [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] such as [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Advanced_English Advanced English]. For '''[[#Pending|Pending]]'''=0, the value of this field is ''today''.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Completion=[[#Date|Date]]+([[#Pending|Pending]]/[[#Memorized/Day|(Memorized items/Day)]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> === A-Factor ===<br /> <br /> ;A-Factor<br /> :average value of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. For [[Glossary:item|items]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is a measure of [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. The higher the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]], the easier the [[Glossary:Item|item]]. For [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is the number by which the '''current [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]''' should be multiplied to get the value of the '''next [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Item|items]] is 4.06. This indicates that the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is rather well-structured and the material is thus relatively easy to remember. The average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] is 1.246''<br /> <br /> === Additional notes ===<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Item|Items]] are added to the [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] not only during standard repetitions when you grade an [[Glossary:Element|element]] below '''Good (4)'''. Operations such as '''Remember''' (''Ctrl+M''), '''Cloze''' (''Alt+Z''), and '''Add to drill''' (''Shift+Ctrl+D'') will also add to the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] is created automatically only if you uncheck '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Skip final drill'''<br /> * Some fields of the '''Statistics''' window can be edited. For example: '''Alarm''', '''Total time''', '''Rep count''', etc. To edit an entry, click it, type the new value and press ''Enter''. If the entry cannot be modified SuperMemo will warn you (e.g. &quot;''Retention entry cannot be modified''&quot;).<br /> * See [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey1994.htm Survey 1994] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey.htm Survey 1999] for some interesting notes about the speed of learning reached with SuperMemo<br /> <br /> == Statistics context menu ==<br /> <br /> To open the context menu:<br /> * Right-click anywhere in the window<br /> * Click the first button in the [[#Toolbar|toolbar]]<br /> <br /> Context menu items:<br /> * '''[[Calendar|Workload]]''' - the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> * '''Report''' - save the contents of the '''Statistics''' window to a text file<br /> * '''Restore layout''' (''Ctrl+F5'') - restore the SuperMemo windows layout chosen as the default one<br /> * '''Element window''' (''Esc'') - shift focus to the [[element window]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Statistics&diff=10566 2019-04-14T21:48:56Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Completion */</p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> The '''Statistics''' window allows you to inspect the main learning process statistics in the currently opened [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. It can most conveniently be viewed by pressing ''F5'' ('''[[Window menu|Window]] : [[Layouts|Layout]] : Warrior layout''').<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Statistics.jpg|186px|SuperMemo: Figure: The Statistics window where the main learning process statistics of the currently opened collection can be readily inspected]]<br /> {{:Image:Statistics.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Caption ==<br /> <br /> The caption displays the name of the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] in square brackets. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is named all.''<br /> <br /> == Toolbar ==<br /> <br /> ;Statistics menu<br /> :open the statistics context menu otherwise available with a right-click over the window<br /> ;[[Calendar]]<br /> :the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> ;[[Analysis]]<br /> :various statistics related to the learning process and [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_Algorithm SuperMemo Algorithm]<br /> ;[[Memory graphs (4D)|Memory graphs]]<br /> :visual presentation of memory functions, their approximations as used by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17], and options for resetting and re-computing memory data on the basis of [[Repetition history|repetition histories]]<br /> ;Warrior layout<br /> :arrange windows in the way optimized for the use of [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] with the '''Statistics''' window conveniently aligned to the left of the [[element window]].<br /> ;Help<br /> :view this help article<br /> <br /> == Learning parameters ==<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;bs-callout bs-callout-info&quot;&gt;<br /> To easily compare the exemplary fields with their corresponding descriptions:<br /> # Shift+click the picture above to open it in full resolution in a new browser window<br /> # Drag the title bar of the picture window to the left or right side of the screen until an outline of the expanded window appears<br /> # Release the mouse to expand the window<br /> # Repeat steps 2 and 3 with this window to arrange the windows side by side<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Date ===<br /> <br /> ;Date<br /> :current date and the day of the week. If this value is preceded with ''Night'', it means that the new calendar day has already started but the old repetition day will not start until the time defined in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : [[Learning tab in Options#Midnight clock shift|Midnight shift]]'''. When the midnight shift is passed, this field will display a red warning ''Time to close: Alt+F4''. If you see that message, close/restart your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] to prevent collecting learning data with undefined repetition timing. ''In the example above, the picture snapshot was taken after midnight on Apr 01, 2019 (Mon)''<br /> <br /> === First day ===<br /> <br /> ;First day<br /> :date on which the learning process began (i.e. the day on which the first [[Glossary:Element|element]] was memorized). ''The exemplary [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] presented in the picture has been in use since December 15, 1987 (i.e. the [http://super-memory.com/english/history.htm#1987 birth date of SuperMemo for DOS])''<br /> <br /> === Period ===<br /> <br /> ;Period<br /> :number of days in the learning process (i.e. number of days between '''[[#Date|Date]]''' and '''[[#First day|First day]]''').<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Period=[[#Date|Date]]-[[#First day|First day]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> :''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has been in use for 31 years, 3 months and 17 days''<br /> <br /> === Memorized ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized<br /> :total number of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s introduced into the learning process with options such as '''[[Learn]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]'''. If an [[Glossary:Item|item]] takes part in [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] it is a [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. It does not mean it is a remembered [[Glossary:Item|item]]. A proportion of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] is always forgotten. ''The presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] has 635,699 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the learning process and these elements make up 100.0% of all elements destined to enter the learning process, i.e. &lt;code&gt;Memorized/(Memorized+Pending)=100.0&lt;/code&gt;. This indicates that Pending=0 (see [[#Pending|below]])''<br /> <br /> === Memorized items ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and the proportion of memorized [[Glossary:Item|item]]s among memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. ''In the example above, 203,827 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s take part in repetitions. These [[Glossary:Item|item]]s make 32.1% of all [[Glossary:Element|element]]s taking part in the learning process (the remaining 67.9% of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s are [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, memorized [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s or memorized [[Glossary:Task|task]]s). The '''[[#Retention|Retention]]''' field indicates that 92.4937% of these [[Glossary:Item|item]]s should be remembered at any given time''<br /> <br /> === Memorized topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s and their cumulative proportion among all memorized [[Glossary:Element|element]]s. In a well-balanced [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s should make a minority of [[Glossary:Element|element]]s served for [[Glossary:Review|review]]. If the proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s increases, the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] drops, and the learning process may gradually start to resemble traditional learning where ineffective [[Glossary:Passive_review|passive review]] predominates. You can store as many [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s in your [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] as you wish as long as you make sure that you limit their [[Glossary:Review|review]] by setting appropriate [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|repetition sorting criteria]] ('''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Sorting|Sorting]] : Sorting criteria'''). ''In the picture, 431,872 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s make 67.9% of the material taking part in the learning process''<br /> <br /> === Memorized/Day ===<br /> <br /> ;Memorized/Day<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s memorized per day: &lt;code&gt;(Memorized items)/Day&lt;/code&gt;. ''In the example, the average of 17.8311 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s have been memorized daily in the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] over the previous 31+ years. This is typical of an average student as long as regular reviews are executed on a daily basis''<br /> <br /> === Total ===<br /> <br /> ;Total<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. Two relationships hold true:<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Memorized|Memorized]]+[[#Pending|Pending]]+[[#Dismissed|Dismissed]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Total=[[#Topics|Topic]]s+[[#Items|Item]]s&lt;/code&gt; ([[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s are counted with the '''Topics''' statistic)&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :Deleted [[Glossary:Element|element]]s do not contribute to the total count of elements in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the picture, the presented collection is made of 727,259 [[Glossary:Element|element]]s (largest [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]s reported by users reached beyond a half million elements)''<br /> <br /> === Items ===<br /> <br /> ;Items<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the example, the collection includes 207,443 items''<br /> <br /> === Topics ===<br /> <br /> ;Topics<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s, [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]s and [[Glossary:Task|task]]s in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection includes 519,816 topics (counted together with concepts and tasks)''<br /> <br /> === Outstanding ===<br /> <br /> ;Outstanding<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, outstanding [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s and [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] items scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on this given day. The first number (before +) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for this given day and not yet processed. The second number (after the plus sign) indicates the number of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] for this day. The third number (after the second plus sign), if present, indicates the number of [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that have already been repeated today but scored less than '''Good (4)'''. Those are the [[Glossary:Item|item]]s that make up the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The final drill queue is built only if '''Skip final drill''' is unchecked in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options|Learning]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], there are still 3521 [[Glossary:Item|item]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] on Apr 01, 2019. There are also 1297 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] on that day as part of the [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]] process. There are no [[Glossary:Element|element]]s in the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] (the third component of the '''Outstanding''' parameter is missing)''<br /> <br /> === Review ===<br /> <br /> ;Review<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] scheduled for [[Subset learning|subset review]] (e.g. [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Subset learning#Neural review|neural review]] in '''[[Learn menu|Learn]] : [[Learn menu#Go neural|Go neural]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Branch review|branch repetitions]] in '''[[Contents]]'''' '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in [[Subset review#Search and review|browser subset repetitions]] in the [[browser]]'s '''[[Subset learning|Learn]]''', [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the random test queue in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Random test|Random test]]''', etc.). The display may have a form of ''Neuro=&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] to do&gt;'' in [[Neural creativity|neural review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Item|items]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Topic|topics]] to do&gt;+&lt;[[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] to do&gt;+(&lt;subset description&gt;)'' in [[Subset learning|subset review]], or ''&lt;[[Glossary:Element|elements]] unprocessed&gt;/&lt;all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the test&gt;'' in random tests. ''Here 86 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] remain in [[Glossary:Neural_review|neural review]]. [[Neural creativity|Neural review]] is most often executed with Ctrl+F2 in the [[element window]] or [[browser]], or Alt+N in the [[registry window]]''<br /> <br /> === Protection ===<br /> <br /> ;Protection<br /> :Today's degree of processing top priority material. '''Important''': As the statistic is taken from the top of the queue of [[Glossary:Outstanding_material|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s or [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s (not the top of [[Glossary:Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]], which is a randomized mix of the two), if you change the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the top [[Glossary:Item|item]], you will see a false value in '''Statistics''' until you review that [[Glossary:Item|item]] of changed [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] (this behavior is by design to prevent the need to scan the entire queue at each update to statistics). ''In the example, only 0.031% of top priority [[Glossary:Item|item]]s, and 0% of top priority [[Glossary:Topic|topic]]s have been processed. 0.031% protection does not mean going through 0.031% of the outstanding items queue. It means that the highest [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of unprocessed [[Glossary:Item|item]]s in the queue is 0.031%''<br /> <br /> === Retention ===<br /> <br /> ;Retention<br /> :estimated average knowledge [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for high-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] should be higher than the one listed. [[Glossary:Retention|Retention]] for low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] may be much lower driving the average down. To judge upon the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] of top-priority material, see '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Graphs|Graphs]] : [[Analysis#Forgetting Index vs. Priority|Forgetting index vs. Priority]]'''. ''In the example, 92.8374% of the material should be recalled in a random test on all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] at any time. You can test your [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] using random tests and see if SuperMemo's estimates are accurate. This statistic may be overly optimistic if you have recently abused rescheduling tools such as '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Mercy]]'''.''<br /> <br /> === Measured FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Measured FI<br /> :value of the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] as recorded during repetitions. The number in the parentheses indicates '''Measured FI''' for the day. In [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] with heavy [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Overload|overload]], [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] may be much lower than the overall [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] for the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] due to the fact that repetitions include primarily high-priority material. It can also be lower than the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] when transitioning from more randomized to more prioritized sorting (as determined by [[Priority queue#Sorting repetitions|sorting criteria]]) or when [http://www.super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm knowledge formulation and mnemonic skills] improve before this fact can be reflected in the [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curve]]. It is also not uncommon to have '''Measured FI''' higher than '''[[#Average FI|Average FI]]'''. This is due to three factors:<br /> # every user will experience delays in repetitions from time to time (e.g. as a result of using '''[[Postpone]]'''),<br /> # low-priority material in the overloaded incremental reading process is scheduled in [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] longer than [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum intervals]], and<br /> # SuperMemo imposes some constraints on the length of [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] that, in some cases, make it schedule repetitions later than it would be implied by the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]]. The constraints in computing [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]], for example, prevent the new [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] from being shorter than the old [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] (assuming the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has not been forgotten). For low values of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] and for difficult [[Glossary:Item|items]], the new [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] might often be shorter than the old one! '''Measured FI''' can be reset with '''[[Toolklit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : Reset parameters : Forgetting index record'''.<br /> :''In the presented example, an average of 13.97% of item repetitions end with a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] less than '''Pass (3)''' (since the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] record has last been reset). On May 04, 2016, 3.8% of repetitions ended in failure thus far (i.e. with a grade less than '''Pass''').''<br /> <br /> === R-Metric ===<br /> <br /> ;[[Glossary:R-Metric|R-Metric]]<br /> :absolute measure of performance of two [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]] algorithms based on their ability to predict recall before a [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] is scored. In [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]], '''R-Metric''' is used solely to compare [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] (known from SuperMemo 16) and the new [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. It is shown as percentage in '''Statistics''' and '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Use|Use]] : Efficiency : [[Analysis#Use_:_Efficiency_:_R-Metric|R-Metric]]'''. '''R-Metric''' is a difference between the performance of the two algorithms: &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is the least squares predicted recall measure for a given algorithm. '''R-Metric''' greater than zero shows superiority of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. '''R-Metric''' less than zero indicates underperformance of the new algorithm. &lt;code&gt;LSRM&lt;/code&gt; is a square root of the average of squared absolute differences in recall predictions: &lt;code&gt;abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 0 for failing [[Glossary:Grade|grades]] and &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for passing grades. &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; is a prediction issued by the algorithm before the [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. In [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17], the prediction is a weighted average of the value taken from the [[Glossary:Recall_matrix|Recall[] matrix]], and [[Glossary:Retrievability|R (retrievability)]] computed from [[Glossary:Stability|S (stability)]] and the used [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]. The weight used is based on prior repetition cases which inform of the significance of the Recall[] matrix prediction (the prediction becomes more meaningful with more prior repetition data).<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R-Metric=LSRM(Alg-15)-LSRM(Alg-17)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;LSRM(Alg)=sqrt(sum(sqr(ARD)))&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;ARD=abs(Recall-PredictedRecall)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;Recall&lt;/code&gt; is 1 for Grade&gt;=3, and 0 for Grade&lt;3<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;PredictedRecall&lt;/code&gt; in [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]]: &lt;code&gt;weight*Recall[]+(1-weight)*R&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;weight (0..1)&lt;/code&gt; depends on the number of prior repetition cases<br /> :* &lt;code&gt;R=exp(-kt/s)&lt;/code&gt;<br /> :''In this case, R-Metric of 17.0302% shows a huge advantage of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17] over [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] on that particular day (May 4, 2016)''<br /> <br /> === Alarm ===<br /> <br /> ;Alarm<br /> :time left till the next alarm and the hour at which the alarm will ring off (to learn more about alarms see: [[Plan]]). This field is editable. To change the alarm setting, click the field and type in the new time in minutes (e.g. 21.5 will set the alarm to sound in 21 minutes and 30 seconds). To end editing, press ''Enter''. ''In the example, the alarm will sound off in 5 minutes and 26 seconds at 00:18:39''<br /> <br /> === Burden ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden<br /> :estimation of the average number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] repeated per day. This value is equal to the [[Glossary:Burden|sum of all interval reciprocals]] (i.e. 1/[[Glossary:Interval|interval]]). The interpretation of this number is as follows: every [[Glossary:Item|item]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 100 days is on average repeated 1/100 times per day. Thus the sum of interval reciprocals is a good indicator of the total [[Calendar|repetitions workload]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''The presented collection requires 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day and 555 [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per day. In [[incremental reading]], it is not unusual to have many more [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the process than one can handle. '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]''' can be used to unload the excess of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] as well as to reduce the load of low-[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] [[Glossary:Item|items]]. '''[[Postpone]]''' skews the '''Burden''' statistic. [[Glossary:Topic|Topics]] often crowd at lower [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] and are regularly reshuffled with '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Glossary:Auto-postpone|Auto-postpone]]'''''<br /> <br /> === Burden +/- ===<br /> <br /> ;Burden +/-<br /> :change of the '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''' parameter above on a given day. ''Here, on May 04, 2016, the average number of expected daily repetitions was slightly decreased (i.e. by 8 [[Glossary:Item|items]]). The [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] load was also decreased (i.e. by almost 90 [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]). Exemplary interpretation of a burden change: Let's say '''Burden''' dropped by 39 (burden change of -39). To reduce the burden by 39, one would need to review 78 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with an [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 1 to 2 days (78*0.5=39). However, one could equally well execute '''[[Postpone]]''' on 2344 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] with [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] increase from 10 to 12 days (2344*(1/10-1/12)=39)''<br /> <br /> === Avg Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Workload<br /> :average time spent on responding to questions per day (from the first day of learning). ''For the presented collection, the student spent on average 18 minutes and 30 seconds per day on answering [[Glossary:Item|items]] over the period spanning 28 years 4 months and 20 days between May 04, 2016 and December 15, 1987 when the very first repetition was made.''<br /> <br /> === Exp Workload ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Workload<br /> :estimation of the average daily time used for responding to questions in a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Workload=([[#Burden|Item Burden]])*[[#Avg time|Avg time]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 271 [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] per day taking 9.922 seconds each result in a daily repetition time estimated at 44 minutes and 52 seconds. A real learning time may be twice longer due to grading, editing, reviewing the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and various interruptions. In [[incremental reading]], the learning time will increase further due to [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Review|review]] that is not taken into account in the '''Exp Workload''' parameter. The real learning time may also be cut if '''[[Postpone]]''' is used often''<br /> <br /> === Time ===<br /> <br /> ;Time<br /> :total question response time on a given day and the total session time (in parentheses). ''Here the total time needed to respond to questions on May 04, 2016 was 14 minutes and 31 seconds. On the same day, SuperMemo has been running for 3 hours, 19 minutes and 1 second (this value will increase even if you simply keep SuperMemo running)''<br /> <br /> === Avg time ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg time<br /> :average response time in seconds. This is the time that elapses between displaying the question (or equivalent) and choosing '''Show answer''' (or equivalent). The timer does not stop if you start editing the question before pressing '''Show answer'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average time to answer a single question is around 9.922 seconds. If this number grows beyond 15-20 seconds, you may need to analyze your learning material if it is not overly difficult or [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm badly structured]''<br /> <br /> === Total time ===<br /> <br /> ;Total time<br /> :total time taken by responding to questions in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. This time cannot be accurately measured for [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] created with SuperMemo 98 or earlier (the measurements were made possible only in SuperMemo 99). If you upgrade older [[Glossary:Collection|collections]], this number will roughly be guessed for you. SuperMemo will derive this time from the total number of [[Glossary:Item|items]], average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]], average number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]], and the average repetition time. ''In the presented example, answering questions during repetitions took the total of over 133 days in over 28 years of learning''<br /> <br /> === Lapses ===<br /> <br /> ;Lapses<br /> :average number of times individual [[Glossary:Item|items]] have been forgotten in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (only [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized elements]] are averaged). The number in parentheses shows the number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]] on a given day. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Element|element]] has been forgotten 0.51239 times. On May 04, 2016, 3 [[Glossary:Item|items]] have thus far been graded less than '''Pass (3)'''''<br /> <br /> === Speed ===<br /> <br /> ;Speed<br /> :[[Glossary:Acquisition_rate|average knowledge acquisition rate]], i.e. the number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] memorized per year per minute of daily work (only answering item questions counts). Initially this value may be as high as 100,000 items/year/minute (esp. if you enthusiastically start working with the program before truly measuring its limitations, and the limitations of human memory). This parameter should later stabilize between 40 and 400 items/year/minute.<br /> :'''[http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Speed_of_learning_vs._acquisition_rate Speed=(Memorized items/Day)/(Repetitions time)*365]'''<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], every minute of work per day resulted in 342 new [[Glossary:item|items]] memorized each year''<br /> <br /> === Avg Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Avg Cost<br /> :cost in time of memorizing a single [[Glossary:Item|item]], i.e. total learning time divided by the number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Avg Cost=[[#Total time|Total time]]/[[#Memorized items|Memorized items]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented example, the total repetition time per single [[Glossary:Item|item]] is 1 minute and 3 seconds, which is the amount of time it has contributed to the total of non-stop over 133 days of repetitions. The cost of editing, collection restructuring, [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], etc. is not included in the '''Avg Cost''' parameter''<br /> <br /> === Exp Cost ===<br /> <br /> ;Exp Cost<br /> :daily repetition time per each newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] assuming no postpones.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Exp Cost=[[#Exp Workload|Exp Workload]]/([[#Memorized/Day|Memorized items/Day]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], each of the 18 newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] per day contributes 2 minutes and 23 seconds of repetitions to the total workload of almost 45 minutes per day. As this value is derived from '''[[#Burden|Burden]]''', it may be highly overestimated if you use '''[[Postpone]]''' a lot (e.g. in [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]])''<br /> <br /> === Interval (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (I)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 7 years, 9 months and 30 days''<br /> <br /> === Interval (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Interval (T)<br /> :average [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has reached the inter-[[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 6 years, 1 month and 9 days''<br /> <br /> === Repetitions ===<br /> <br /> ;Repetitions<br /> :average number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]/[[Glossary:Review|reviews]] per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here an average [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been repeated 3.272 times while an average [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] has been reviewed 2.431 times''<br /> <br /> === Rep count ===<br /> <br /> ;Rep count<br /> :total count of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] made in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], 945+ thousands of [[Glossary:Repetition|item repetitions]] have been made. This is about 5 repetitions per [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]. That includes [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that have been reset, forgotten, dismissed, deleted, etc.''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Last Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Last Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. ''Here the average date of the last [[Glossary:Review|review]] is June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (I) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (I)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]].<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (I)=[[#Last Rep (I)|Last Rep (I)]]+[[#Interval (I)|Interval (I)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] is July 19, 2016 or 2,863 days after September 17, 2008''<br /> <br /> === Next Rep (T) ===<br /> <br /> ;Next Rep (T)<br /> :average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] among memorized [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. <br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Next Rep (T)=[[#Last Rep (T)|Last Rep (T)]]+[[#Interval (T)|Interval (T)]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> :''Here the average date of the next [[Glossary:Review|review]] is July 30, 2016 or 2,232 days after June 21, 2010''<br /> <br /> === Pending ===<br /> <br /> ;Pending<br /> :the number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Topic|topics]] or [[Glossary:Item|items]]) that have not yet been introduced into the learning process and await memorization (with operations such as '''[[Learn]]''', '''[[Glossary:Remember|Remember]]''', '''Schedule''', etc). All [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]] are kept in the so-called [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] that determines the sequence of learning new [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed elements]] are not kept in the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]]. ''In the example, the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] contains no [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending elements]]. With [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]], the role of the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] in SuperMemo is diminishing''<br /> <br /> === Dismissed ===<br /> <br /> ;Dismissed<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] ([[Glossary:Item|items]], [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:Concept|concepts]] or [[Glossary:Task|tasks]]) that have been excluded from the learning process and are kept only as reference material, folders in the [[Glossary:Knowledge_tree|knowledge tree]], or [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]] [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|Dismissed]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] are neither [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]] nor [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]]. All [[Glossary:Task|tasks]] are [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]] by default, i.e. they usually do not take part in repetitions. ''In the example, almost 77,000 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] have been [[Glossary:Dismiss|dismissed]]''<br /> <br /> === Average FI ===<br /> <br /> ;Average FI<br /> :average [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] in the entire [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] (the number in parentheses is the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index]). If the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of individual [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is not changed manually, '''Average FI''' is equal to the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] as set in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Forgetting index (default)'''. The [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] given to all new [[Glossary:Item|items]] added to the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|Forgetting index]], in general, is the proportion of [[Glossary:Item|items]] that are not remembered during repetitions. The lower the value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] the better the recall of the [[Glossary:Element|element]], but the more [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] will be needed to keep it in memory. Optimum value of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] falls into the range from 7% to 13%. Too low a [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] makes learning too tiresome due to a prohibitively large number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]. All [[Glossary:Element|elements]] can have their [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|desired forgetting index]] set individually. The easiest way to change the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] of a large number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] is to use '''[[Subset operations#Forgetting index|Forgetting index]]''' option among [[subset operations]]. ''In the presented example, the average [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] is 10.00% while the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo#default_forgetting_index default forgetting index] is 10%''. See: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo Using forgetting index]<br /> <br /> === Completion ===<br /> <br /> ;Completion<br /> :expected date on which all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] from the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]] will be [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] assuming the present rate of learning new [[Glossary:Item|items]]. This parameter is particularly useful if you are memorizing large ready-made [[Glossary:Collection|collections]] such as [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Advanced_English Advanced English]. For '''[[#Pending|Pending]]'''=0, the value of this field is ''today''.<br /> :&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;code&gt;Completion=[[#Date|Date]]+([[#Pending|Pending]]/[[#Memorized/Day|(Memorized items/Day)]])&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> === A-Factor ===<br /> <br /> ;A-Factor<br /> :average value of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] among [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] (I) and [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] (T) in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. For [[Glossary:item|items]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is a measure of [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. The higher the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]], the easier the [[Glossary:Item|item]]. For [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is the number by which the '''current [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]''' should be multiplied to get the value of the '''next [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]'''. ''In the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Item|items]] is 4.06. This indicates that the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] is rather well-structured and the material is thus relatively easy to remember. The average [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] is 1.246''<br /> <br /> === Additional notes ===<br /> <br /> * [[Glossary:Item|Items]] are added to the [[Glossary:Final_drill|final drill]] not only during standard repetitions when you grade an [[Glossary:Element|element]] below '''Good (4)'''. Operations such as '''Remember''' (''Ctrl+M''), '''Cloze''' (''Alt+Z''), and '''Add to drill''' (''Shift+Ctrl+D'') will also add to the [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]]. The [[Glossary:Final_drill_queue|final drill queue]] is created automatically only if you uncheck '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options | Learning]] : Skip final drill'''<br /> * Some fields of the '''Statistics''' window can be edited. For example: '''Alarm''', '''Total time''', '''Rep count''', etc. To edit and entry, click it, type the new value and press ''Enter''. If the entry cannot be modified SuperMemo will warn you (e.g. &quot;''Retention entry cannot be modified''&quot;).<br /> * See [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey1994.htm Survey 1994] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/survey.htm Survey 1999] for some interesting notes about the speed of learning reached with SuperMemo<br /> <br /> == Statistics menu ==<br /> <br /> To open the context menu:<br /> * Right-click anywhere in the window<br /> * Click the first button in the [[#Toolbar|toolbar]]<br /> <br /> ;[[Calendar]]<br /> :the daily and the monthly calendar of repetitions<br /> ;Report<br /> :save the contents of the '''Statistics''' window to a text file</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Glossary:Stability&diff=10555 2019-04-14T10:09:58Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>;&lt;span id=&quot;Stability&quot;&gt;stability&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :one of the two variables describing memory traces in learning (the other is [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]]). '''Stability''' determines the speed of the negatively exponential decline of memory traces. '''Stability''' can be expressed, for example, by the [[Glossary:Optimum interval|optimum interval]] in [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]] (often normalized for the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] equal to 10%). This term was proposed by Wozniak, Gorzelanczyk, and Murakowski (1995) to help differentiate from the imprecise and all-encompassing term ''memory strength'' (see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two_component_model_of_memory Two components of long-term memory]). At each repetition, '''stability''' increases along the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization Stabilization function].</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Stability_increase&diff=10554 2019-04-14T10:07:15Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Memory stabilization''' (abbreviated ''SInc'' for [[stability increase]]) is the increase in memory stability as a result of the retrieval of a memory (e.g. in review). The higher the stability, the lesser the increase. As the name implies, the memory tends to stabilize in the long-term storage. For more see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization Memory Stabilization]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=File:Recall_metric.jpg&diff=10545 2019-04-12T20:22:00Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Fig|'''[[Glossary:R-Metric|R-Metric]]''' graph demonstrates superiority of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18] over the old [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] for the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] used in the testing period of full 4 years dating back to Apr 2, 2015. It was plotted using 24,104 data points (i.e. repetition cases with data from both algorithms), and smoothed up to show the trends. Multiple spots beneath the line of 0 at the vertical axis (&lt;code&gt;R-metric&lt;0&lt;/code&gt;) have been smoothed out (they correspond with days when the previous version of the algorithm appeared superior in a smaller sample of repetitions). Some positive and negative trends correspond with changes in the algorithm as data were collected in the new algorithm's testing period. A gradual increase in the metric in the months Feb-May 2016, might be a statistical aberration, or it might be the result of new interval values and a bigger R-metric for [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] departing from the optimum used in earlier SuperMemos. The latter interpretation might suggest that the benefits of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18] can gradually increase over time}}</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=File:Recall_metric.jpg&diff=10544 2019-04-12T20:17:25Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Fig|'''[[Glossary:R-Metric|R-Metric]]''' graph demonstrates superiority of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18] over the old [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] for the presented [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] used in the testing period of over 3 years dating back to Apr 2, 2015. It was plotted using 24,104 data points (i.e. repetition cases with data from both algorithms), and smoothed up to show the trends. Multiple spots beneath the line of 0 at the vertical axis (&lt;code&gt;R-metric&lt;0&lt;/code&gt;) have been smoothed out (they correspond with days when the previous version of the algorithm appeared superior in a smaller sample of repetitions). Some positive and negative trends correspond with changes in the algorithm as data were collected in the new algorithm's testing period. A gradual increase in the metric in the months Feb-May 2016, might be a statistical aberration, or it might be the result of new interval values and a bigger R-metric for [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] departing from the optimum used in earlier SuperMemos. The latter interpretation might suggest that the benefits of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18] can gradually increase over time}}</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Help_menu&diff=10543 2019-04-12T19:59:49Z

<p>SMBeta: /* User survey */</p> <hr /> <div>== Help menu items ==<br /> <br /> '''Help''' submenu on the [[main menu]] provides the following options: <br /> <br /> === Welcome - ABC ===<br /> <br /> *'''Welcome - ABC''' - open the [[Introduction|welcome page]] of SuperMemo help with a 3-minute introduction to SuperMemo <br /> <br /> === Guide ===<br /> <br /> *'''Guide''' - open the [[Step-by-step to SuperMemo mastery|step-by-step guide]] with the most important steps towards mastering SuperMemo (one month course) <br /> <br /> === Contents ===<br /> <br /> *'''Contents''' - open the help's [[Main Page|table of contents]]<br /> <br /> === FAQ ===<br /> <br /> *'''FAQ''' - open the page with the most [http://super-memory.com/help/faq/index.htm frequently asked questions about SuperMemo] <br /> <br /> === Hints and tips ===<br /> <br /> *'''Hints and tips''' - open the page with the [[Hints&amp;Tips|most useful hints and tips]] <br /> <br /> === Context ===<br /> <br /> *'''Context''' (''F1'') - open the page most relevant to the current context. For example, if you are in the '''Contents''' window, pressing ''F1'' will open the [[Contents|'''Contents''' page]]. To open context help for menus, you need to first select an active menu item for ''F1'' to work (inactive or disabled menu items do not activate help). For example, choose '''[[Component menu#Answer|Answer]]''' on the [[Component menu|component menu]] and press ''F1'' to get the help page describing the menu.<br /> <br /> === User survey ===<br /> <br /> *'''User survey''' - open the [https://supermemopedia.com/wiki/User_Survey questionnaire page at SuperMemopedia.com]. You can send your feedback via mail, leave it at SuperMemopedia.com, or read notes left by other users. Thank you in advance for your help in improving SuperMemo<br /> <br /> === Web ===<br /> <br /> *'''Web''' <br /> **'''On-line help''' - open the help file directly from SuperMemo Website<br /> **'''YouTube''' - open a [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqmYtieCc3liSTYxLwk_MLw/videos dedicated YouTube channel] with video tutorials about SuperMemo <br /> **'''Search Wiki Help''' (''Shift+F2'') - search [[Main Page|SuperMemo Help]] at [http://supermemo.org supermemo.org]. This is a wiki version of help and may include comments made by users of SuperMemo. To search the original unchanged help file use '''Search HTML Help''' below <br /> **'''Search HTML Help''' - search SuperMemo Help at [http://super-memory.com SuperMemo Website]<br /> **'''Search SuperMemoPedia''' - search [https://supermemopedia.com SuperMemoPedia], i.e. a wiki system created to help users solve their problems <br /> **'''Search Web''' - use Google to search for articles about SuperMemo <br /> **'''Search Groups''' - search Google Groups for messages about SuperMemo <br /> **'''FAQ''' - open the [http://super-memory.com/help/faq FAQ page] at [http://super-memory.com SuperMemo Website]<br /> <br /> === E-mail ===<br /> <br /> *'''E-mail''' <br /> **'''Support''' - open [[Technical support|this page]] on the web <br /> **'''Bug report''' - send a bug report. When reporting a bug, remember to always use this option to ensure your system data and the bug context are included<br /> <br /> === Question of the Day ===<br /> <br /> *[[Question of the Day|'''Question of the Day''']] - equivalent of the tip of the day in other programs. In SuperMemo, tips are formulated as simple questions-and-answers. If you decide to introduce some tips into the learning process, just click the button '''Remember''' in the '''Question of the Day''' dialog box. If you think a tip is not worth knowing, click '''Delete'''. Note that tips in SuperMemo are a mini-metaphor of the SuperMemo paradigm! <br /> <br /> === About ===<br /> <br /> *'''About''' - dialog box with the release date of your current SuperMemo. Click '''Choose picture''' to change the picture displayed when SuperMemo starts up. If you downloaded SuperMemo from a franchising website, you will also find here the address of your local distributor and information about technical support in your native language; click the underlined reseller's name<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Help Web submenu.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Help : Web submenu that you can use to get more help on SuperMemo on the web]]<br /> {{:Image:Help Web submenu.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Pictures_that_are_wrong_or_outdated&diff=10527 2019-04-11T20:41:23Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>List here images that you think are wrong or need to be updated. Shift most glaring errors to the top. Explain the error. Don't forget to provide the link to the picture.<br /> <br /> '''Most glaring picture bugs''':<br /> <br /> * [[Media:Element relative priority.jpg|Element relative priority]]<br /> * [[Media:Element priority.jpg|'''Element Priority''' dialog box]]<br /> * [[Media:Incremental reading Mnemonic cues2.jpg|Incremental reading: Mnemonic cues #2]]<br /> * [[Media:References.jpg|References]]<br /> * [[Media:Incremental video with YouTube Extract.jpg|YouTube extract in incremental video]]<br /> * [[Media:Reference registry.jpg|Reference registry]]<br /> * [[Media:Daily Algorithm SM-17 performance metric.jpg|Daily Algorithm SM-17 performance metric]]<br /> * [[Media:Postpone outstanding elements Scope.jpg|'''Postpone : Scope''']]<br /> * [[Media:Postpone outstanding elements Parameters.jpg|'''Postpone : Parameters''']]<br /> <br /> '''Easy fixes''':<br /> * [[Media:Translation registry.jpg|Translation registry]]<br /> <br /> '''Plausible''':<br /> * [[Media:Email response.jpg|FAQ dialog]]<br /> * [[Media:Email_response2.jpg|FAQ dialog #2]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Element_data&diff=10502 2019-04-06T21:34:53Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> The '''Element data''' window can most conveniently be viewed by pressing ''F5'' ('''[[Window menu|Window]] : [[Window menu#Layout|Layout]] : Warrior layout'''). Note that you can collapse/expand individual data groups, and save your arrangement in a custom window [[Glossary:Layout|layout]].<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Element_data.jpg|800px|center|SuperMemo: The Element data window for an item about immunity]]<br /> {{Image:Element data.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Available element data groups ==<br /> <br /> === Priority ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;Priority<br /> :[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] in percent in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]. ''In the picture, the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has a [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of 42.4888%. This means that over 40% of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] have a higher [[Glossary:Priority|priority]].''<br /> ;Posit<br /> :[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] as a position in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]. ''The [[Glossary:Item|item]] sits on the position 260,961 in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]. This means that 260,960 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] have a higher [[Glossary:Priority|priority]].''<br /> ;New pr.<br /> :new [[Glossary:priority|priority]] in percent after just executed [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. Good grades automatically decrease the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]]. [[Glossary:Priority|Priority]] of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] is reduced gradually unless their [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] is shortened manually or some [[incremental reading]] operations are executed on the topic. ''There is no change to the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] since no repetition has been executed on the [[Glossary:Item|item]] yet.''<br /> ;New pos.<br /> :new [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] as a position after just executed [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]].<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Change&quot;&gt;Change&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :change in priority positions (i.e. the difference between '''Posit''' and '''New pos.''').<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Priority data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Priority data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Dates ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;Next<br /> :date when the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] should take place. If the review on the schedule date is missed, this field will remain unchanged unless auto-postpone changes the review date. ''In the picture, the next repetition has been scheduled for Apr 29, 2016. [[Glossary:Element|Elements]] which are due for review on a given day have their next repetition date additionally prefixed with Now:''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Last&quot;&gt;Last&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :date of the last [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. ''The last repetition took place on Mar 12, 1997.''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :time of the last [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. ''The precise time of the last repetition is unavailable since this piece of data has started being collected only with SuperMemo 13 (2006).''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;First&quot;&gt;First&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :first [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] ever recorded in the [[repetition history]] (usually also: first ever repetition). ''The first repetition recorded in this [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[repetition history]] was made on Mar 12, 1997.'' '''Warning!''' [[Glossary:Item|Items]] repeated before 1996 may not carry repetition history record and the first repetition on the list may not be the first repetition ever made. ''In this particular case, the [[Glossary:Item|item]] was repeated 7 times before 1997. This information can be inspected only in the [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s [[Repetition history|'''Repetition history''' window]] (e.g. available with Ctrl+Shift+H)''.<br /> ;&lt;span=&quot;Outstanding_Queue_Posit&quot;&gt;Due (or Posit)&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :position of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] in the [[Glossary:Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]]. ''Here the [[Glossary:Item|item]] is the 3,147th [[Glossary:Element|element]] in the queue of 9,073 [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding elements]] scheduled for review on Apr 29, 2016.''<br /> ;Workload<br /> :the number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] due for review on the next repetition date. ''There have been 9,073 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] scheduled for review on Apr 29, 2016.''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Dates data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Dates data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Interval ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;Int<br /> :current [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] (i.e. the number of days between '''Last''' and '''Next'''). ''The presented [[Glossary:Item|item]] has last been repeated in 1997 (for the 8th time) and the next repetition has been scheduled in 19 years 1 month and 18 days.''<br /> ;Prev<br /> :previous [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]. ''The [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] between the 7th and 8th [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] lasted 3 years 11 months and 26 days (it was deduced from the value of [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factor]] [[#U-Factor|below]]).''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Passed&quot;&gt;Passed&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :the actual [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] that have passed since the last repetition (i.e. the time between ''now'' and '''Last'''). Note that this [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] may be as short as 10 sec. if you revisit the [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s data 10 seconds after the recently executed [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] (e.g. by pressing ''Alt+Left arrow''). ''19 years 1 month and 16 days have passed since the item was last repeated on Mar 12, 1997.''<br /> ;New<br /> :new [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] until the [[Glossary:Element|element]] will be reviewed next. ''Since the item has not been repeated yet, its next repetition has been scheduled yet.''<br /> ;Int16<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s next [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] for the [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] '''Good''' (''4'') as proposed by the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm 15]. This field is empty for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]. ''Here, the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm 15] would schedule the [[Glossary:Item|item]] to be repeated in 64 years 7 months and 1 day.''<br /> ;Int18<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s next [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] for the [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] '''Good''' (''4'') as proposed by the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm 17]. This field bears no value for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]. ''Here, the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm 18] would schedule the [[Glossary:Item|item]] for repetition in 29 years 4 months and 1 day. Shorter [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] for very high [[Glossary:Stability|stabilities]] occur pretty often in [[What's new in SuperMemo 18?|SuperMemo 18]]''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Int18_vs_Int16&quot;&gt;Int18 vs Int16&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :percentage difference in [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum intervals]] proposed by the two algorithms. This difference can be used to trigger manual choices of [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] by users who want to micromanage their intervals (the threshold values can be set in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options|Learning]] : Algorithm SM-18 Alerts''') or who want be sure [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] interval &quot;cheating&quot; is possible. ''Here, the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s next [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] proposed by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18] is 55% shorter from the one suggested by the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15].''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Interval data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Interval data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === DSR Stats ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;S<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s current [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] expressed as the [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] in [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. ''In the picture, the [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] for the [[Glossary:Item|item]] amounts to 18 years 9 months and 19 days. It might be lower than the current interval due to multiple postpones''<br /> ;R<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] estimated at the moment of the [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. ''The probability of recall of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] after the scheduled [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 18 years 9 months and 19 days stands at 89.8%''<br /> ;SInc<br /> :best estimate of the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s stability increase. ''Here the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] (expressed as the [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]]) is estimated to best increase at a factor of 1.5151 (i.e. 51%) after the repetition.''<br /> ;SInc[]<br /> :entry in the [[Glossary:Stability_increase_matrix|stability increase matrix]]. ''Based on the corresponding entry in the [[Glossary:Stability_increase_matrix|stability increase matrix]], after the repetition the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] is expected to increase by a factor of 1.1711 (i.e. 17%). Note that where data is scarce (e.g. as in this case of unusually long [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]), the difference between '''SInc[]''' and '''SInc''' may be large due to a larger impact of neighboring entries and the theoretical prediction based on the SInc approximation.''<br /> ;Next S<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s expected new [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] after the scheduled next repetition. &lt;code&gt;Next S=S*SInc&lt;/code&gt;. ''The new stability (i.e. [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]]) of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] repeated on Apr 29, 2016 after the [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 19 years 1 month and 18 days is expected to be 10,403 days.''<br /> ;Next R<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s expected [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] after the next [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] passes. ''The expected [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] (i.e. probability of recall) of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] at the next repetition in 10,403 days stands at 89.8%.''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element DSR Stats data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The DSR Stats data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Repetitions ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Reps&quot;&gt;Reps&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :number of repetitions of the displayed [[Glossary:Element|element]]. For [[Glossary:Item|items]], once the item is forgotten, the count of repetitions begins from scratch (i.e. '''Reps''' equals 1 again). ''In the enclosed example, the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been repeated with a passing grade 8 successive times.''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Lapses&quot;&gt;Lapses&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Lapse|memory lapses]]. ''0 lapses means the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has never been forgotten before.&quot;<br /> ;Grade<br /> :[[Glossary:Grade|grade]] used in the optimization procedure (the value used in parentheses shows the recent grade given by the user, which can be overridden in rare circumstances)<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Postpones&quot;&gt;Postpones&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :total and recent number of times the [[Glossary:Element|element]] has been postponed. ''The presented [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been postponed 174 times since the last repetition, and 180 times in its lifetime. In this case, 6 postpones occurred since total postpone count begun as a result of implementing this new statistic starting with SuperMemo 17.''<br /> ;Future<br /> :estimated number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] in the next 30 years. '''Future''' value is easily derived from the [[Glossary:DSR_model|DSR model]]. For [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], the number of presentations depends on '''[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]]''' only. Note that the value is the estimate from before the execution of a [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. After the repetition, the estimate is likely to go to zero, meaning, this [[Glossary:Item|item]] became a part of &quot;permastore&quot; (i.e. it might be remembered till the end of an average life). ''SuperMemo roughly predicts that there will still be 1 [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] of the presented [[Glossary:Item|item]] in the next 30 years.''<br /> ;Future Sec<br /> :time needed for executing the estimated number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] ('''Future''') of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] in the next 30 years. &lt;code&gt;Future Sec=Future*Avg time&lt;/code&gt;. ''The [[Statistics|'''Statistics''' window]]'s [[Statistics#avg_time|'''Avg time''' parameter]] makes it possible to estimate the cost of retaining the presented [[Glossary:Item|item]] in memory until 2046 is 9 seconds on the assumption it will not be forgotten in the meantime.''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;U-Factor&quot;&gt;U-Factor&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :quotient of the previous [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] and the next interval. In [[Glossary:Item|items]] that have been repeated only once, U-Factor equals the first [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] (in days). ''Here U-Factor is 4.795.''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Repetitions data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Repetitions data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Difficulty ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;diff&quot;&gt;Diff&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :current estimation of the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s absolute [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] estimated by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. This number ranges from 0 (for easy [[Glossary:Item|items]]) to 1 (for difficult ones). ''In the picture, the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] is estimated to be at 0.0% which means it is very easy to remember.'' <br /> ;Old<br /> :heuristic measure of the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] known from SuperMemo 16 or earlier. It is estimated on the basis of the following parameters: '''Interval''', '''Lapses''', '''Repetitions''', '''A-Factor''', and '''First grade'''. The theoretical minimum for the difficulty is 0% and the theoretical maximum is 100%. This number decreases gradually with successful [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]. Conversely, it increases with [[Glossary:Lapse|memory lapses]]. In a typical [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]] usually ranges from 16% to 64%. If the [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] reaches beyond 65% you should have a closer look at the formulation of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] (e.g. memory interference, ambiguity, excessive wording, complex answer, etc.). See also: [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm 20 rules of formulating knowledge]. ''Here the [[Glossary:Item|item]] is estimated to be at 18.4% difficulty which indicates it is relatively easy to remember''. <br /> ;A-Factor<br /> :[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] associated with the current [[Glossary:Element|element]]. In [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is a rough measure of [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]] and a measure of the rate at which inter-repetition [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] increase. The higher the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]], the faster the increase in [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]]. The most difficult [[Glossary:Item|items]] have [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] equal to 1.2 while the easiest ones 6.9. For [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:Concept|concepts]] and [[Glossary:Task|tasks]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] equal the increase in [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] in a single [[Glossary:Review|review]] and may be as low as 1.01. Note that '''Diff''' ([[#Diff|above]]) is much more an accurate measure of [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]] (as perceived by the user). ''[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] of 4.307 indicates that the [[Glossary:item|item]] is relatively easy to remember.''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Difficulty data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Difficulty data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Status ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;Type<br /> :type of the [[Glossary:Element|element]]: [[Glossary:Item|item]], [[Glossary:Topic|topic]], [[Glossary:Concept|concept]] or [[Glossary:Task|task]] (see also: [[Items, topics, concepts, and tasks|Topics vs. items]]) and its current status: [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]], [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|dismissed]] or [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]]. See also: [[Building the knowledge tree#Status icons: pending, memorized and dismissed|Status icons: pending, memorized and dismissed]]. ''The [[Glossary:Element|element]] in the picture is an example of a [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]].''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Concept_group&quot;&gt;Concept group&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :name of the [[Glossary:Concept group|concept group]] to which the current [[Glossary:Element|element]] belongs. An element added to a concept group may, or may not have the group assignment set. In general, specific group transfers set the concept group affiliation. Mass element transfers, do not set the group affiliation even if the elements are added to a group hook. ''The current [[Glossary:Element|element]] is associated with no [[Glossary:Concept_group|concept group]].''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Template&quot;&gt;Template&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :[[Glossary:Template|template]] applied to the current [[Glossary:Element|element]]. ''Here the [[Glossary:Item|item]] sports the custom Windows API [[Glossary:Template|template]]'s look.'' See also: [[Templates|Using templates]]<br /> ;FI<br /> :maximum acceptable probability of forgetting the [[Glossary:Item|item]] in each [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] (in percent). [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|Forgetting index]] can be changed to a desired value (e.g. with ''Ctrl+Shift+P'' via '''[[Element parameters]]'''). If the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] is 10%, you stand a 90% chance that you will remember the [[Glossary:Item|item]] during the optimally scheduled [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. The probability of forgetting will increase if you delay a [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. ''Here the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] has been set at 20% (maximum allowed).'' See also: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo Forgetting index]<br /> ;Ord<br /> :current [[Glossary:Ordinal number|ordinal number]] assigned to the [[Glossary:Element|element]]. You can use [[Glossary:Ordinal_number|ordinals]] to sort the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]]. This is particularly useful if you plan to release your own [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] for use by others. You can change the [[Glossary:Ordinal_number|Ordinal]] by pressing ''Ctrl+Shift+P'' via '''[[Element parameters]]'''. ''The displayed [[Glossary:Item|item]] has [[Glossary:Ordinal_number|ordinal]] 100''.<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Status data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Status data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Element data context menu ==<br /> <br /> * '''Difficulty''' - show the estimation of the [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]]<br /> * '''Restore layout''' (''Ctrl+F5'') - restore the SuperMemo windows layout chosen as the default one<br /> * '''Next window''' (''Ctrl+F6'') - switch to the next window<br /> * '''Element window''' (''Esc'') - shift focus to the [[element window]]<br /> * '''Format intervals''' - format [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] as years, months, days, etc. If the formatted interval no longer fits within the field, click the field to display its entire value in a dialog box. Alternatively, hover the mouse over the field and read its value from the yellow hints panel in the [[status bar]] ('''[[Window menu|Window]] : [[Window menu#Hints|Hints]]''' must be checked for it to work).<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> * [[Statistics|'''Statistics''' window]]<br /> <br /> == FAQs ==<br /> <br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/What_is_the_interpretation_of_New,_Int17,_and_S_in_Algorithm_SM-17%3F What is the interpretation of New, Int17, and S in Algorithm SM-17?]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=File:Element_data.jpg&diff=10501 2019-04-06T21:34:23Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Fig|The [[Element data|'''Element data''' window]] for an [[Glossary:Item|item]] about immunity. In the presented example, the [[Glossary:Element|element]] is listed at position #44576 in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] and its title is &quot;immun: Are T cells involved in regulating the immune response?&quot;. Element titles are automatically generated from the first question text. Item's priority is 5%. Next repetition in 2047 (interval of 32 years). The items has been reviewed 8 times and scored zero memory [[lapses]]}}</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Element_data&diff=10500 2019-04-06T21:28:11Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Dates */</p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> The '''Element data''' window can most conveniently be viewed by pressing ''F5'' ('''[[Window menu|Window]] : [[Window menu#Layout|Layout]] : Warrior layout'''). Note that you can collapse/expand individual data groups, and save your arrangement in a custom window [[Glossary:Layout|layout]].<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Element_data.jpg|800px|center|SuperMemo: The Element data window for an item about immunity]]<br /> {{Image:Element data.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Available element data groups ==<br /> <br /> === Priority ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;Priority<br /> :[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] in percent in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]. ''In the picture, the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has a [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of 42.4888%. This means that over 40% of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] have a higher [[Glossary:Priority|priority]].''<br /> ;Posit<br /> :[[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] as a position in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]. ''The [[Glossary:Item|item]] sits on the position 260,961 in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]]. This means that 260,960 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] have a higher [[Glossary:Priority|priority]].''<br /> ;New pr.<br /> :new [[Glossary:priority|priority]] in percent after just executed [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. Good grades automatically decrease the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]]. [[Glossary:Priority|Priority]] of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] is reduced gradually unless their [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] is shortened manually or some [[incremental reading]] operations are executed on the topic. ''There is no change to the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] since no repetition has been executed on the [[Glossary:Item|item]] yet.''<br /> ;New pos.<br /> :new [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] as a position after just executed [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]].<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Change&quot;&gt;Change&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :change in priority positions (i.e. the difference between '''Posit''' and '''New pos.''').<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Priority data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Priority data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Dates ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;Next<br /> :date when the next [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] should take place. If the review on the schedule date is missed, this field will remain unchanged unless auto-postpone changes the review date. ''In the picture, the next repetition has been scheduled for Apr 29, 2016. [[Glossary:Element|Elements]] which are due for review on a given day have their next repetition date additionally prefixed with Now:''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Last&quot;&gt;Last&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :date of the last [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. ''The last repetition took place on Mar 12, 1997.''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;Time&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :time of the last [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. ''The precise time of the last repetition is unavailable since this piece of data has started being collected only with SuperMemo 13 (2006).''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;First&quot;&gt;First&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :first [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] ever recorded in the [[repetition history]] (usually also: first ever repetition). ''The first repetition recorded in this [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[repetition history]] was made on May 5, 1998.'' '''Warning!''' [[Glossary:Item|Items]] repeated before 1996 may not carry repetition history record and the first repetition on the list may not be the first repetition ever made. ''In this particular case, the [[Glossary:Item|item]] was repeated 2 times in 1998 (before switching to SuperMemo with repetition history record). This information can be inspected only in the [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s [[Repetition history|'''Repetition history''' window]] (e.g. available with Ctrl+Shift+H)''.<br /> ;&lt;span=&quot;Outstanding_Queue_Posit&quot;&gt;Due (or Posit)&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :position of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] in the [[Glossary:Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]]. ''Here the [[Glossary:Item|item]] is the 3,147th [[Glossary:Element|element]] in the queue of 9,073 [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding elements]] scheduled for review on Apr 29, 2016.''<br /> ;Workload<br /> :the number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] due for review on the next repetition date. ''There have been 9,073 [[Glossary:Element|elements]] scheduled for review on Apr 29, 2016.''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Dates data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Dates data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Interval ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;Int<br /> :current [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of the [[Glossary:Element|element]] (i.e. the number of days between '''Last''' and '''Next'''). ''The presented [[Glossary:Item|item]] has last been repeated in 1997 (for the 8th time) and the next repetition has been scheduled in 19 years 1 month and 18 days.''<br /> ;Prev<br /> :previous [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]. ''The [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] between the 7th and 8th [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] lasted 3 years 11 months and 26 days (it was deduced from the value of [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factor]] [[#U-Factor|below]]).''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Passed&quot;&gt;Passed&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :the actual [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] that have passed since the last repetition (i.e. the time between ''now'' and '''Last'''). Note that this [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] may be as short as 10 sec. if you revisit the [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s data 10 seconds after the recently executed [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] (e.g. by pressing ''Alt+Left arrow''). ''19 years 1 month and 16 days have passed since the item was last repeated on Mar 12, 1997.''<br /> ;New<br /> :new [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] until the [[Glossary:Element|element]] will be reviewed next. ''Since the item has not been repeated yet, its next repetition has been scheduled yet.''<br /> ;Int16<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s next [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] for the [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] '''Good''' (''4'') as proposed by the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm 15]. This field is empty for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]. ''Here, the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm 15] would schedule the [[Glossary:Item|item]] to be repeated in 64 years 7 months and 1 day.''<br /> ;Int18<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s next [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] for the [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] '''Good''' (''4'') as proposed by the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm 17]. This field bears no value for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]. ''Here, the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm 18] would schedule the [[Glossary:Item|item]] for repetition in 29 years 4 months and 1 day. Shorter [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] for very high [[Glossary:Stability|stabilities]] occur pretty often in [[What's new in SuperMemo 18?|SuperMemo 18]]''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Int18_vs_Int16&quot;&gt;Int18 vs Int16&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :percentage difference in [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum intervals]] proposed by the two algorithms. This difference can be used to trigger manual choices of [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] by users who want to micromanage their intervals (the threshold values can be set in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Options]] : [[Learning tab in Options|Learning]] : Algorithm SM-18 Alerts''') or who want be sure [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] interval &quot;cheating&quot; is possible. ''Here, the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s next [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] proposed by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18] is 55% shorter from the one suggested by the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15].''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Interval data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Interval data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === DSR Stats ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;S<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s current [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] expressed as the [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] in [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. ''In the picture, the [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] for the [[Glossary:Item|item]] amounts to 18 years 9 months and 19 days. It might be lower than the current interval due to multiple postpones''<br /> ;R<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] estimated at the moment of the [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. ''The probability of recall of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] after the scheduled [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 18 years 9 months and 19 days stands at 89.8%''<br /> ;SInc<br /> :best estimate of the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s stability increase. ''Here the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] (expressed as the [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]]) is estimated to best increase at a factor of 1.5151 (i.e. 51%) after the repetition.''<br /> ;SInc[]<br /> :entry in the [[Glossary:Stability_increase_matrix|stability increase matrix]]. ''Based on the corresponding entry in the [[Glossary:Stability_increase_matrix|stability increase matrix]], after the repetition the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] is expected to increase by a factor of 1.1711 (i.e. 17%). Note that where data is scarce (e.g. as in this case of unusually long [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]), the difference between '''SInc[]''' and '''SInc''' may be large due to a larger impact of neighboring entries and the theoretical prediction based on the SInc approximation.''<br /> ;Next S<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s expected new [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] after the scheduled next repetition. &lt;code&gt;Next S=S*SInc&lt;/code&gt;. ''The new stability (i.e. [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]]) of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] repeated on Apr 29, 2016 after the [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] of 19 years 1 month and 18 days is expected to be 10,403 days.''<br /> ;Next R<br /> :[[Glossary:Item|item]]'s expected [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] after the next [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum interval]] passes. ''The expected [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] (i.e. probability of recall) of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] at the next repetition in 10,403 days stands at 89.8%.''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element DSR Stats data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The DSR Stats data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Repetitions ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Reps&quot;&gt;Reps&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :number of repetitions of the displayed [[Glossary:Element|element]]. For [[Glossary:Item|items]], once the item is forgotten, the count of repetitions begins from scratch (i.e. '''Reps''' equals 1 again). ''In the enclosed example, the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been repeated with a passing grade 8 successive times.''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Lapses&quot;&gt;Lapses&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :number of [[Glossary:Lapse|memory lapses]]. ''0 lapses means the [[Glossary:Item|item]] has never been forgotten before.&quot;<br /> ;Grade<br /> :[[Glossary:Grade|grade]] used in the optimization procedure (the value used in parentheses shows the recent grade given by the user, which can be overridden in rare circumstances)<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Postpones&quot;&gt;Postpones&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :total and recent number of times the [[Glossary:Element|element]] has been postponed. ''The presented [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been postponed 174 times since the last repetition, and 180 times in its lifetime. In this case, 6 postpones occurred since total postpone count begun as a result of implementing this new statistic starting with SuperMemo 17.''<br /> ;Future<br /> :estimated number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] in the next 30 years. '''Future''' value is easily derived from the [[Glossary:DSR_model|DSR model]]. For [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], the number of presentations depends on '''[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]]''' only. Note that the value is the estimate from before the execution of a [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. After the repetition, the estimate is likely to go to zero, meaning, this [[Glossary:Item|item]] became a part of &quot;permastore&quot; (i.e. it might be remembered till the end of an average life). ''SuperMemo roughly predicts that there will still be 1 [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] of the presented [[Glossary:Item|item]] in the next 30 years.''<br /> ;Future Sec<br /> :time needed for executing the estimated number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] ('''Future''') of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] in the next 30 years. &lt;code&gt;Future Sec=Future*Avg time&lt;/code&gt;. ''The [[Statistics|'''Statistics''' window]]'s [[Statistics#avg_time|'''Avg time''' parameter]] makes it possible to estimate the cost of retaining the presented [[Glossary:Item|item]] in memory until 2046 is 9 seconds on the assumption it will not be forgotten in the meantime.''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;U-Factor&quot;&gt;U-Factor&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :quotient of the previous [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] and the next interval. In [[Glossary:Item|items]] that have been repeated only once, U-Factor equals the first [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] (in days). ''Here U-Factor is 4.795.''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Repetitions data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Repetitions data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Difficulty ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;diff&quot;&gt;Diff&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :current estimation of the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s absolute [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] estimated by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. This number ranges from 0 (for easy [[Glossary:Item|items]]) to 1 (for difficult ones). ''In the picture, the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] is estimated to be at 0.0% which means it is very easy to remember.'' <br /> ;Old<br /> :heuristic measure of the [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] known from SuperMemo 16 or earlier. It is estimated on the basis of the following parameters: '''Interval''', '''Lapses''', '''Repetitions''', '''A-Factor''', and '''First grade'''. The theoretical minimum for the difficulty is 0% and the theoretical maximum is 100%. This number decreases gradually with successful [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]]. Conversely, it increases with [[Glossary:Lapse|memory lapses]]. In a typical [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], the [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]] usually ranges from 16% to 64%. If the [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] reaches beyond 65% you should have a closer look at the formulation of the [[Glossary:Item|item]] (e.g. memory interference, ambiguity, excessive wording, complex answer, etc.). See also: [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm 20 rules of formulating knowledge]. ''Here the [[Glossary:Item|item]] is estimated to be at 18.4% difficulty which indicates it is relatively easy to remember''. <br /> ;A-Factor<br /> :[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] associated with the current [[Glossary:Element|element]]. In [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is a rough measure of [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]] and a measure of the rate at which inter-repetition [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] increase. The higher the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]], the faster the increase in [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]]. The most difficult [[Glossary:Item|items]] have [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] equal to 1.2 while the easiest ones 6.9. For [[Glossary:Topic|topics]], [[Glossary:Concept|concepts]] and [[Glossary:Task|tasks]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] equal the increase in [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] in a single [[Glossary:Review|review]] and may be as low as 1.01. Note that '''Diff''' ([[#Diff|above]]) is much more an accurate measure of [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]] (as perceived by the user). ''[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] of 4.307 indicates that the [[Glossary:item|item]] is relatively easy to remember.''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Difficulty data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Difficulty data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Status ===<br /> <br /> {|style=&quot;width: 100%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> ;Type<br /> :type of the [[Glossary:Element|element]]: [[Glossary:Item|item]], [[Glossary:Topic|topic]], [[Glossary:Concept|concept]] or [[Glossary:Task|task]] (see also: [[Items, topics, concepts, and tasks|Topics vs. items]]) and its current status: [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]], [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|dismissed]] or [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]]. See also: [[Building the knowledge tree#Status icons: pending, memorized and dismissed|Status icons: pending, memorized and dismissed]]. ''The [[Glossary:Element|element]] in the picture is an example of a [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|item]].''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Concept_group&quot;&gt;Concept group&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :name of the [[Glossary:Concept group|concept group]] to which the current [[Glossary:Element|element]] belongs. An element added to a concept group may, or may not have the group assignment set. In general, specific group transfers set the concept group affiliation. Mass element transfers, do not set the group affiliation even if the elements are added to a group hook. ''The current [[Glossary:Element|element]] is associated with no [[Glossary:Concept_group|concept group]].''<br /> ;&lt;span id=&quot;Template&quot;&gt;Template&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :[[Glossary:Template|template]] applied to the current [[Glossary:Element|element]]. ''Here the [[Glossary:Item|item]] sports the custom Windows API [[Glossary:Template|template]]'s look.'' See also: [[Templates|Using templates]]<br /> ;FI<br /> :maximum acceptable probability of forgetting the [[Glossary:Item|item]] in each [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] (in percent). [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|Forgetting index]] can be changed to a desired value (e.g. with ''Ctrl+Shift+P'' via '''[[Element parameters]]'''). If the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] is 10%, you stand a 90% chance that you will remember the [[Glossary:Item|item]] during the optimally scheduled [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. The probability of forgetting will increase if you delay a [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. ''Here the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]] has been set at 20% (maximum allowed).'' See also: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo Forgetting index]<br /> ;Ord<br /> :current [[Glossary:Ordinal number|ordinal number]] assigned to the [[Glossary:Element|element]]. You can use [[Glossary:Ordinal_number|ordinals]] to sort the [[Glossary:Pending_queue|pending queue]]. This is particularly useful if you plan to release your own [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] for use by others. You can change the [[Glossary:Ordinal_number|Ordinal]] by pressing ''Ctrl+Shift+P'' via '''[[Element parameters]]'''. ''The displayed [[Glossary:Item|item]] has [[Glossary:Ordinal_number|ordinal]] 100''.<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | [[Image:Element Status data group.jpg|SuperMemo: The Status data group of the Element data window]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Element data context menu ==<br /> <br /> * '''Difficulty''' - show the estimation of the [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]]<br /> * '''Restore layout''' (''Ctrl+F5'') - restore the SuperMemo windows layout chosen as the default one<br /> * '''Next window''' (''Ctrl+F6'') - switch to the next window<br /> * '''Element window''' (''Esc'') - shift focus to the [[element window]]<br /> * '''Format intervals''' - format [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] as years, months, days, etc. If the formatted interval no longer fits within the field, click the field to display its entire value in a dialog box. Alternatively, hover the mouse over the field and read its value from the yellow hints panel in the [[status bar]] ('''[[Window menu|Window]] : [[Window menu#Hints|Hints]]''' must be checked for it to work).<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> * [[Statistics|'''Statistics''' window]]<br /> <br /> == FAQs ==<br /> <br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/What_is_the_interpretation_of_New,_Int17,_and_S_in_Algorithm_SM-17%3F What is the interpretation of New, Int17, and S in Algorithm SM-17?]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Forgetting_index&diff=10499 2019-04-06T21:11:04Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>See: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Forgetting_index_in_SuperMemo Forgetting index] (at SuperMemo Guru).</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Glossary:DSR_model&diff=10437 2019-04-03T11:12:28Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>;&lt;span id=&quot;DSR_model&quot;&gt;DSR model&lt;/span&gt; of memory (3 component model of memory)<br /> :extension of the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two_component_model_of_memory two-component model of memory] at the neural network level. The two-component model of long-term memory says that a status of memory in a synapse can be described with variables: [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] and [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]]. The '''DSR model''', first used in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17], adds the third variable called '''memory difficulty''', which is an expression of the complexity of the synaptic pattern involved in storing a given memory. The more complex the net of connections involved in a memory, the harder it is to maintain the memory in the long term using [[Glossary:Spaced repetition|spaced repetition]]. In [[SuperMemo]], '''memory difficulty''' is expressed by [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]], i.e. a number that says how difficult it is to remember an [[Glossary:Item|item]]. There are more variables involved in storing memories that are not part of the '''DSR model'''. For example, both homeostatic and circadian components of sleep propensity have an impact on encoding and retrieving memories at the network level. For more see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Three_component_model_of_memory DSR model]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Glossary:DSR_model&diff=10436 2019-04-03T11:04:22Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>;&lt;span id=&quot;DSR_model&quot;&gt;DSR model&lt;/span&gt; of memory (3 component model of memory)<br /> :extension of the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Two_component_model_of_memory two-component model of memory] at the neural network level. The two-component model of long-term memory says that a status of memory in a synapse can be described with variables: [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] and [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]]. The '''DSR model''', first used in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17], adds the third variable called '''memory difficulty''', which is an expression of the complexity of the synaptic pattern involved in storing a given memory. The more complex the net of connections involved in a memory, the harder is to maintain the memory in the long term using [[Glossary:Spaced repetition|spaced repetition]]. In [[SuperMemo]], '''memory difficulty''' is expressed by [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]], i.e. a number that says how difficult it is to remember an [[Glossary:Item|item]]. There are more variables involved in storing memories that are not part of the '''DSR model'''. For example, both homeostatic and circadian components of sleep propensity have an impact on encoding and retrieving memories at the network level. For more see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Three_component_model_of_memory DSR model]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Glossary:DSR_model&diff=10435 2019-04-03T11:02:19Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>;&lt;span id=&quot;DSR_model&quot;&gt;DSR model&lt;/span&gt; of memory (3 component model of memory)<br /> :extension of the [http://super-memory.com/english/2vm.htm two-component model of memory] at the neural network level. The two-component model of long-term memory says that a status of memory in a synapse can be described with variables: [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] and [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]]. The '''DSR model''' used in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17] or later employed in SuperMemo 17 or later, adds the third variable called '''memory difficulty''', which is an expression of the complexity of the synaptic pattern involved in storing a given memory. The more complex the net of connections involved in a memory, the harder is to maintain the memory in the long term using [[Glossary:Spaced repetition|spaced repetition]]. In [[SuperMemo]], '''memory difficulty''' is expressed by [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]], i.e. a number that says how difficult it is to remember an [[Glossary:Item|item]]. There are more variables involved in storing memories that are not part of the '''DSR model'''. For example, both homeostatic and circadian components of sleep propensity have an impact on encoding and retrieving memories at the network level. For more see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Three_component_model_of_memory DSR model]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Web_import&diff=10385 2019-04-02T21:59:12Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Import modes and options */</p> <hr /> <div>== Dialog ==<br /> <br /> With '''[[Edit menu|Edit]] : [[Edit menu#Web import|Web import]] : All''' (''Shift+Ctrl+A'') you can quickly import a number of web pages, pictures, or [http://youtube.com YouTube] videos from Internet Explorer. <br /> <br /> Articles or pictures that have already been imported will be marked as ''DUPLICATE'' (double click the article to see its copy stored in SuperMemo). Articles that have been opened more than twice in Internet Explorer will be marked as ''DOUBLED''. To close all doubled articles and the duplicates, choose '''Close duplicates''' from the web import dialog context menu (right click).<br /> <br /> '''Important:'''<br /> * Before import, select the text that you want to import from a web page. Otherwise, all headers, navigation bars, advertising, footers, etc. will [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Web_page_import_does_not_work get imported along with the text that you need].<br /> * If you open web pages in Internet Explorer '''Run as administrator''', for security reasons, they may not become visible/importable to SuperMemo! <br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Wikipedia import.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Importing articles about clathrate gun hypothesis from Wikipedia for incremental learning]] <br /> {{:Image:Wikipedia import.jpg}}<br /> <br /> [[Image:YouTube import.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Importing videos featuring Nokia Lumia 2520, iPad, and Surface from YouTube for incremental learning]] <br /> {{:Image:YouTube import.jpg}}<br /> <br /> [[Image:Pictures_import.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Importing 47 pictures of Gabrielle Union from the web to Photos concept group.]]<br /> {{:Image:Pictures_import.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Import modes and options ==<br /> <br /> Here is a detailed breakdown of the '''Web import''' dialog box: <br /> <br /> *'''Title''' - this will be used in the &lt;span class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;#Source&lt;/span&gt; field of the reference area that is automatically created for imported articles. Additionally, if you choose '''Location : Node''' (below), the import title and the import date/time will form the title of the node that will parent the imported articles<br /> *Toolbar<br /> **'''Import''' - imports selected item(s) from the list into SuperMemo (if nothing is selected, SuperMemo will ask you if you want to import all pages or pictures) <br /> **'''Check all''' - selects all check boxes in the article list <br /> **'''Sift''' - closes all web pages that have already been imported in the current collection or which have been opened more than once in Internet Explorer. This means that all pages marked DUPLICATE or DOUBLED will disappear from the list and the relevant tabs in Internet Explorer will be closed<br /> **'''Duplicates''' - opens a [[browser]] with all elements that are duplicates of articles on the list<br /> **'''View''' - view the duplicate copy of the article (if any) or the article itself<br /> **'''Help''' - opens this page in the documentation <br /> **'''Close browser''' check box - if you select this checkbox, all pages/tabs in Internet Explorer will get closed once they are imported to SuperMemo<br /> **'''Create concept''' check box - if you select this checkbox, SuperMemo will import the selected items as [[Glossary:Child|children]] of a newly added [[Glossary:Concept|concept]]<br /> *'''Articles list''' - the list of pages or pictures that are currently opened in Internet Explorer. If you do not exactly recall what a given page or picture presents, you can quickly switch to the Internet Explorer tab/window in which it is displayed by double-clicking its title in the list <br /> *'''Picture parameters''' determine the restrictions on the number and size of imported pictures (this option only becomes available for '''Local pages with images''', '''Local images only''', and '''Page of images''' web page import modes). If no picture included in the imported page satisfies the import criteria, the largest picture will still get imported. <br /> **'''Min. picture size''' - the minimum file size (in bytes) of the imported picture. If the picture is smaller, it will be ignored <br /> **'''Maximum pictures''' - the maximum number of imported pictures per page that can be imported into a single [[Glossary:Element|element]]. Only sufficiently large pictures will be imported until '''Maximum pictures''' limit is reached<br /> *'''Web page import mode''' determines the way in which pages or pictures are imported: <br /> **'''Links only''' - imports only web addresses of individual pages with ''each'' link going into a separate SuperMemo [[Glossary:Element|element]] (compare: '''Page of links (one element)''') <br /> **'''Page of links (one element)''' - imports only web addresses of individual pages with ''all'' links going as a list into a single SuperMemo [[Glossary:Element|element]] (compare: '''Links only''') <br /> **'''Local pages (whole web pages)''' - imports entire pages into separate SuperMemo [[Glossary:Element|elements]]. Note that while pages will be located on your hard disk, the pictures they include will not. If you want to localize all or selected embedded pictures, choose '''[[Component menu#Download images|Download images]]''' (''Ctrl+F8'') from the [[component menu]] available by right-clicking over the article in SuperMemo. <br /> **'''Local pages with images''' - imports whole pages into separate SuperMemo [[Glossary:Element|elements]] along with all the pictures they contain. The pictures are then displayed on the left of their respective imported pages. Note that you can instruct SuperMemo on the minimum size of the picture and the maximum number of pictures included on a given page that will actually get imported into SuperMemo (see below). <br /> **'''Local images only''' - imports only pictures from individual pages with pictures from a given page going into a separate SuperMemo [[Glossary:Element|element]] (compare: '''Page of images''') <br /> **'''Page of images''' - imports only pictures from individual pages with ''all'' pictures going into a single SuperMemo [[Glossary:Element|element]] (compare: '''Local images only''') <br /> **'''Live pages''' - imports only web addresses of individual pages with ''each'' link going into a separate SuperMemo [[Glossary:Element|element]]. The basic difference between this mode and '''Links only''' (above) is that when you enter the [[Glossary:Element|element]] with a live page, SuperMemo automatically opens the link to the page it contains (as opposed to you explicit clicking the imported link in case of the latter option)<br /> *'''Filter''' shows only a selected subset of pages or pictures that are currently opened in Internet Explorer <br /> **'''All''' - shows all pages or pictures <br /> **'''Pictures''' - shows all pictures<br /> **'''Wikipedia''' - shows only [http://en.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] articles that you can [[Incremental reading|read incrementally]] in SuperMemo (this is equivalent to choosing '''[[Edit menu|Edit]] : [[Edit menu#Web import|Web import]] : Wikipedia''' from the [[main menu]] (''Shift+Ctrl+W'')) <br /> **'''YouTube''' - shows only [http://youtube.com YouTube] videos that you can [[Incremental video|watch incrementally]] in SuperMemo (this is equivalent to choosing '''[[Edit menu|Edit]] : [[Edit menu#Web import|Web import]] : YouTube''' from the [[main menu]] (''Shift+Ctrl+Y''))<br /> *'''Location''' determines the location in the [[Contents|'''Contents''' window]] where selected pages or pictures will be imported <br /> **'''Current element''' - the selected items will be imported into the [[Glossary:Element|element]] that is currently displayed in the [[element window]] (this option becomes available only if you select the '''Page of images''' import mode (above)) <br /> **'''New node''' - the selected items will be imported as [[Glossary:Child|children]] of a newly added [[Glossary:Element|element]] (called '''import node'''). Note that you can specify the title for this element using the '''Title''' field at the top of the dialog box (above) <br /> **'''Group hook''' - the selected items will be imported as [[Glossary:Child|children]] of the hook of the currently selected [[Glossary:Concept_group|concept group]]. Note that you can change the concept group to which the selected items will be imported with the '''Concept group''' text field<br /> **'''Child''' - the selected items will be imported as [[Glossary:Child|children]] of the currently displayed [[Glossary:Element|element]]<br /> *'''Concept group''' - concept group into which the articles will be imported<br /> *Priority range determines the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of automatically imported pages or pictures. [[Glossary:Element|Elements]] will have their [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]] dispersed randomly in the following range:<br /> **'''Minimum priority''' - specifies the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] at the low end of the range (as percentage). Note that you can set the minimum priority as the position in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] by adding ''p''. You can also specify the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] via the [[Priority queue#Priority queue in SuperMemo|'''Element priority''' dialog box]] by clicking the red exclamation mark button to the right.<br /> **'''Maximum priority''' - specifies the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] at the high end of the range (as percentage). Note that you can set the maximum priority as the position in the [[Glossary:Priority_queue|priority queue]] by adding ''p''. You can also specify the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] via the [[Priority queue#Priority queue in SuperMemo|'''Element priority''' dialog box]] by clicking the red exclamation mark button to the right.<br /> <br /> == Context menu ==<br /> <br /> * '''Uncheck duplicates''' - uncheck articles that have already been imported<br /> * '''Uncheck selected''' - uncheck articles with text selections (e.g. to import other articles as links only)<br /> * '''Swap checked''' - inverts checkboxes (i.e. checked articles become unchecked and the other way round) <br /> * '''Check all''' (''Ctrl+A'') - check all articles<br /> * '''Check duplicates''' - check articles that have already been imported (e.g. to close them)<br /> * '''Check selected''' - check articles with text selections<br /> * '''Close duplicates''' - close browser tabs/windows with articles that have already been imported <br /> * '''Close checked''' - close the checked articles<br /> * '''Close unchecked''' - close the unchecked articles<br /> * '''Close current''' - close the browser tab/window with the currently selected article<br /> * '''Close all''' - close all articles<br /> * '''Browse duplicates''' (''Shift+Ctrl+B'') - open a [[browser]] with all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] that are duplicates of the pages on the import list<br /> * '''Change tab''' (''Ctrl+Tab'') - switch between '''Articles list''' and '''Picture parameters''' tabs<br /> * '''Close''' (''Esc'') - close the dialog window<br /> <br /> == Web import template ==<br /> <br /> If you import texts, SuperMemo will require that your default import [[Glossary:Template|template]] contains a text [[Glossary:Component|component]] (otherwise it will create a [[Glossary:Template|template]] for you and ignore the concept template). If you import pictures, SuperMemo will require an appropriate picture [[Glossary:Template|template]] to be used. The template must contain a text [[Glossary:Component|component]] and an image component. This is how SuperMemo determines the import [[Glossary:Template|template]] for pictures:<br /> #Default [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] [[Glossary:Template|template]] for the current [[Glossary:Concept group|concept group]] is used if it contains at least one text [[Glossary:Component|component]] (for picture descriptions) and one image component (for the picture) <br /> #Predefined ''Article Picture'' [[Glossary:Template|template]] is used if it still exists (you can redefine this template or save your own template under this name as long as it contains the required text and image [[Glossary:Component|components]]) <br /> #Templateless [[Glossary:Element|element]] is created with text and image [[Glossary:Component|components]] as required by the import procedure<br /> <br /> == Using mouse in Web import dialog ==<br /> <br /> * Use ''Ctrl+click'' to swap the check on a given article<br /> * Use ''Shift+click'' to check all articles from the current selection to the clicked position<br /> * Use ''double click'' to switch to the clicked article<br /> <br /> == FAQ ==<br /> <br /> === Minimum picture size refers to pictures after compression ===<br /> <br /> {{Mail Header<br /> |from=Miko<br /> |country=Poland<br /> |sent=Mon, Apr 27, 2009, 13:44<br /> |subject=The Min. picture size limit does not seem to be respected<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Question''' <br /> <br /> I am trying to import the album cover thumbnails available at [http://depechemode.com/discography/albums/index.html DEPECHE MODE discography] into a SuperMemo element but despite setting '''Min. picture size''' at 4096 (bytes) and each and every thumbnail exceeding 6000 bytes, they are not imported. <br /> <br /> '''Answer''' <br /> <br /> '''Solution''': Reduce the '''Min. picture size''' limit if there are the pictures you want to import to SuperMemo that do not get imported. <br /> <br /> '''Explanation''': Many pictures available on the Internet are so poorly compressed that it makes very little sense to look at their actual size (you will most likely reduce it with compression tools built in SuperMemo anyway). Therefore SuperMemo evaluates the to-be-imported pictures factoring in the heuristically determined compression factor. When the applied formula ''says'' that the to-be-imported pictures could easily be compressed to 4 kB or less it considers them ''too small too import''.</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=File:Repetition_history.jpg&diff=10380 2019-04-02T10:21:53Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Fig|'''Repetition history''' dialog box displaying the history of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]s for the current [[Glossary:Item|element]] related to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_corpuscle Malpighian body and the renal tubules]. In this example, the [[Glossary:item|item]] has been repeated 10 times thus far. It was forgotten only once at the 3rd repetition on Apr 20, 1999 (after 97 days since the previous repetition). Since then it has been recalled successfully every time. It was last repeated on Apr 01, 2019 at 12:08:57. The hour data is present only for the last repetition due to the fact that SuperMemo registers the repetition hour only as of SuperMemo 13 onwards (hours are used in correlating [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] with sleep data available from '''[[SleepChart]]'''). The item is scheduled for repetition in roughly 4.5 years (on Sep 18, 2023)}}</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Pictures_that_are_wrong_or_outdated&diff=10324 2019-03-22T21:11:51Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>List here images that you think are wrong or need to be updated. Shift most glaring errors to the top. Explain the error. Don't forget to provide the link to the picture.<br /> <br /> '''Most glaring picture bugs''':<br /> <br /> * many pictures at [[SuperMemo_Screenshot_Tour|screenshots]] seem to display the old version of Supermemo (different toolbars)<br /> <br /> '''Easy fixes''':</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Stability_increase&diff=10270 2019-03-16T20:01:36Z

<p>SMBeta: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Memory stabilization&#039;&#039;&#039; (abbreviated &#039;&#039;SInc&#039;&#039; for stability increase) is the increase in memory stability as a result of the retrieval of a memory (e.g. in review). The hi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Memory stabilization''' (abbreviated ''SInc'' for [[stability increase]]) is the increase in memory stability as a result of the retrieval of a memory (e.g. in review). The higher the stability, the lesser the increase. As the name implies, the memory tends to stabilize in the long-term storage. For more see: https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stabilization</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Algorithm_SM-18&diff=10269 2019-03-16T19:59:00Z

<p>SMBeta: Redirected page to SuperMemo Algorithm</p> <hr /> <div>#redirect [[SuperMemo Algorithm]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=File:Stability_increase_function.png&diff=10268 2019-03-16T19:58:30Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Fig|[https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Stability_increase Stability increase] function as computed by [[Algorithm SM-18]]. The function takes three arguments: (1) [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] at review expressed in days (on the left), (2) [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] at review (on the right), and (3) memory [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Complexity complexity] expressed as [[Glossary:Item|item]] [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]] (slider labelled '''Diff''' currently set at 0.8). In the picture, stability increase peaks at around 15 (vertical axis). For some levels of [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] and [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]], the function drops below 1.0 indicating a decrease in [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] (e.g. due to premature review evoking the [[Glossary:Spacing effect|spacing effect]] in massed presentation). 61,768 repetitions of relatively [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficult]] [[Glossary:Item|item]]s were needed to produce this graph (at Diff{{=}}0.8). The longest [[Glossary:Interval|interval]]s reach around 14 years ([[Glossary:Stability|stability]] quantile 5172)}}</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Analysis&diff=10250 2019-03-15T19:19:08Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Matrices */</p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> The tabbed dialog available with '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : Analysis''' (''Shift+Alt+A'') in SuperMemo provides graphs and tables that illustrate the current state of the learning process in the currently opened [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. <br /> <br /> In addition to '''Analysis''', SuperMemo provides multiple other [[Theory|analytical tools]].<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> <br /> Graphs of changes in the statistics of the learning process over time. These graphs record daily changes to statistics such as the number of [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]], [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] or the number of [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] for a given day. The first non-zero value of the day is recorded. If that value increases afterwards, that increase is ignored (except a few cases such as the statistic of newly [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]], etc.). If you have a break in learning, the last recorded non-zero value will propagate through the period in which you did not use SuperMemo (except a few cases such as the statistics of repetitions made, etc.). <br /> <br /> To zoom in on a portion of the graph (as in pictures below), sweep the portions of the graphs that are to be removed with the mouse, i.e. point at the day of focus, move the mouse left and release the mouse button. This cuts away part of the graph in the direction that the mouse was moved. You can also use ''Ctrl+Left'' and ''Ctrl+Right'' buttons to zoom in (see [[#Use context menu | below]])<br /> <br /> === Use statistics ===<br /> <br /> Here are the statistics recorded daily by SuperMemo and displayed on the '''Use''' tab: <br /> <br /> #'''Work done''' <br /> #*'''Use time''' - your daily total time in which you actively used a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. The time is taken from learning blocks record ('''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Sleep Chart]]''' in red). Days count from midnight to midnight (i.e. midnight shift is disregarded)<br /> #*'''Recall time''' - your daily total time which you spent on trying to recall answers to questions <br /> #*'''Repetitions''' - your daily recorded number of [[Glossary:Item|item]] and [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] reviews <br /> #*'''Item repetitions''' - your daily record of [[Glossary:Item|item]] repetitions <br /> #*'''Topic reviews''' - your daily record of [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] reviews<br /> #'''Outstanding''' - number of [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding elements]] scheduled for a given day <br /> #*'''Outstanding''' - number of all [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding elements]] scheduled for a given day <br /> #*'''Outstanding items''' - number of [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|items]] scheduled for a given day <br /> #*'''Outstanding topics''' - number of [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] scheduled for a given day<br /> #'''Burden''' <br /> #*'''Burden''' - current [[Glossary:Burden|''Burden'' parameter]] record. [[Glossary:Burden|Burden]] estimates the number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] scheduled for [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] daily on the assumption of no delays in the learning process. [[Glossary:Burden|Burden]] is the sum of [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] reciprocals. '''[[Glossary:Burden|Burden]] = [[Glossary:Item|Item]] [[Glossary:Burden|burden]] + [[Glossary:Topic|Topic]] [[Glossary:Burden|burden]]''' <br /> #*'''Item burden''' - current '''[[Glossary:Burden|Burden]]''' for [[Glossary:Item|items]]<br /> #*'''Topic burden''' - current '''[[Glossary:Burden|Burden]]''' for [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]<br /> #'''Element count''' <br /> #*'''Elements''' - total number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] as recorded on a given day (i.e. [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] + [[Glossary:Concept|concepts]] + [[Glossary:Item|items]] + [[Glossary:Task|tasks]]) <br /> #*'''Items''' - number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] as recorded on a given day <br /> #*'''Topics and tasks''' - number of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] and [[Glossary:Task|tasks]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] as recorded on a given day (see [[#Use.C2.A0:_Element_count.C2.A0:_Topics_and_tasks|exemplary graph below]])<br /> #*'''Tasklist (''name of the currently selected tasklist'')''' - number of [[Glossary:Task|tasks]] on the currently used [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]] (its name is displayed in parenthesis). Use the '''Set''' button in the [[tasklist manager]] to change the currently selected [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]].<br /> #'''Memorized''' <br /> #*'''Memorized''' - number of [[Glossary:Element|elements]] taking part in the learning process (i.e. not [[Glossary:Dismissed_element|dismissed]] and not [[Glossary:Pending_element|pending]]) <br /> #*'''Memorized items''' - number of [[Glossary:Item|items]] taking part in the learning process <br /> #*'''Memorized topics''' - number of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] taking part in the learning process<br /> #'''Newly memorized''' <br /> #*'''Newly memorized''' - new [[Glossary:Element|elements]] memorized on a given day (see [[#Use.C2.A0:_Newly_memorized|exemplary graph below]]) <br /> #*'''New items''' - new [[Glossary:Item|items]] memorized on a given day <br /> #*'''New topics''' - new [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] memorized on a given day<br /> #'''Efficiency''' <br /> #*'''Forgetting index''' - [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] (data stored with a degree of smoothing to visualize trends)<br /> #*'''Retention''' - [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] as measured on each day. This graph is smoothed for better readability of long term trends. For a more precise reading, see the next tab: '''Recall'''. The '''Retention''' tab can now hold over a decade of data and is retained for compatibility. '''Recall''' tab contains unprocessed raw data that you can always polish with '''Smooth''' to visualize trends<br /> #*'''Recall''' - proportion of correct answers on each day (as registered by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]). This is raw unprocessed data that you can export to Excel for your own analysis. Compare with the '''[[Glossary:Retention|Retention]]''' tab. It should also correspond roughly with data displayed on the '''Forgetting index''' tab (Recall is 100% minus the forgetting index)<br /> #*'''R in SM16''' - [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability (R)]] estimated by the [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15] (R is the predicted value of [[Glossary:Retention|retention]], while Recall is the measured value of [[Glossary:Retention|retention]])<br /> #*'''R in SM18''' - [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability (R)]] estimated by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]<br /> #*'''SM16/SM18 Diff''' - percentage point difference between recall estimation deviations by SuperMemo algorithms &lt;code&gt;(abs(R16-Recall)-abs(R18-Recall))&lt;/code&gt;. The higher the difference, the better the performance of the new [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]. It is the ability of the algorithm to accurately predict the probability of forgetting that makes its strength in [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. This tab shows you how close [[What's new in SuperMemo 18?|SuperMemo 18]] is to predicting the recall accurately (as compared with older algorithms)<br /> #*'''SM16 Metric''' - performance metric for [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. It is a square root of the average of prediction differences squared expressed in percentage points (lower number means better recall prediction accuracy)<br /> #*'''SM18 Metric''' - performance metric for [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]. It is computed in the same way as the analogous parameter on the '''SM16 Metric''' tab. Ideally, numbers on this tab should be lower though, indicating superiority of [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]<br /> #*'''R-Metric''' - the ultimate performance metric for [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]. It compares it with the old [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. It is the performance metric difference between the two metrics from previous tabs: '''SM16 Metric''' minus '''SM18 Metric'''. The higher the number, the greater the superiority of Algorithm SM-18 for a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. On days with a negative metric, the old algorithm would perform better than Algorithm SM-18. As forgetting is random, the actual metric outcome for a day is a lottery. Only a larger number of repetitions per day provide for consistent outcomes. For an exemplary graph based on 8800 data points, see: [[#Use_:_Efficiency_:_R-Metric|example below]].<br /> #*'''Topic load''' - proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] scheduled for [[Glossary:Review|review]] on a given day among all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] scheduled. ''[[Glossary:Topic|Topic]] load = [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|Outstanding]] [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] / [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding elements]]''. [[Glossary:Topic|Topic]] load is expressed in percent for any given day. [[Glossary:Topic|Topic]] load should not be confused with '''proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]]''' in [[Priority_queue#Sorting_repetitions|sorting criteria]]. Proportion of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] is determined independent of the [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] load if possible (e.g. for zero [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] load, you cannot achieve proportion greater than zero, etc.). If you do not use [[Glossary:Auto-sort|auto-sorting]], [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] load tells you what proportion of your repetitions is made of [[Glossary:Topic|topics]].<br /> #'''Overload''' - the number of executed repetitions divided by the number of outstanding repetitions (i.e. the percent of the actually executed repetitions) <br /> #*'''Elements''' - the percent of all outstanding repetitions executed <br /> #*'''Items''' - the percent of [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Item|item]] repetitions executed <br /> #*'''Topics''' - the percent of [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding]] [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] reviews done<br /> #'''Priority protection''' - your processing capacity for high priority material on a given day. If your graph oscillates around [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of 3%, you will know that only top 3% of your learning material is guaranteed a timely repetition. You can increase that number by doing more work, reducing inflow of new material, deprioritizing less important elements, or reducing the randomization degree for the [[Glossary#Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]] [[Priority_queue#Sorting_repetitions|sorting criteria]]. Read about this important parameter in '''[[Priority_queue#Prioritization_rulebook|Prioritization Rulebook]]'''<br /> #*'''Items''' - the highest priority [[Glossary:Item|item]] (with the lowest %) that was missed in repetitions. (The actual % in the [[Glossary:Outstanding_queue|outstanding queue]] can be much higher (because you mostly review high [[Glossary:Priority|priorities]])) <br /> #*'''Topics''' - the highest priority [[Glossary:Topic|topic]] (with the lowest %) that was missed in repetitions. (see: [[#Use.C2.A0:_Priority_protection.C2.A0:_Topics|exemplary graph below]])<br /> <br /> === Use context menu ===<br /> <br /> * '''Next''' (''Ctrl+Tab'') - switch to the next major Use statistic tab<br /> * '''Previous''' (''Shift+Ctrl+Tab'') - switch back to the previous major Use statistic tab<br /> * '''Next secondary''' (''Tab'') - switch to the next tab in the secondary row<br /> * '''Previous secondary''' (''Shift+Tab'') - switch to the previous tab in the secondary row<br /> * '''Cut off left''' (''Ctrl+Right arrow'') - cut off the left part of the graph to zoom in on the rest of it<br /> * '''Cut off right''' (''Ctrl+Left arrow'') - cut off the right part of the graph to zoom in on the rest of it<br /> * '''Cut off top''' (''Ctrl+Down arrow'') - cut off the top part of the graph to zoom in on the rest of it<br /> * '''Export''' - export the currently displayed statistic to a CSV file (the file can be found in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]'s [STATS] subfolder<br /> * '''Import''' - import data for the currently displayed statistic<br /> * '''Close''' (''Esc'') - close the '''Analysis''' window<br /> <br /> === Examples ===<br /> <br /> ==== Use : Efficiency : R-Metric ====<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Daily_Algorithm_SM-17_performance_metric.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: The ultimate performance metric for Algorithm SM-17 against the old Algorithm SM-15]]<br /> {{:Image:Daily Algorithm SM-17 performance metric.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Use : Element count : Topics and tasks ====<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Topics and tasks count.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Element count : Topics and tasks shows you how many topics and tasks there were in your collection on individual days]]<br /> {{:Image:Topics and tasks count.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Use : Newly memorized ====<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Newly memorized.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Newly memorized shows you how many elements you memorized on individual days]]<br /> {{:Image:Newly memorized.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Use : Efficiency : Forgetting index ==== <br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Daily measured forgetting index.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Efficiency : Forgetting index shows you the changes to the measured forgetting index on individual days]]<br /> {{:Image:Daily measured forgetting index.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Use : Priority protection : Items ====<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Item priority protection.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Priority protection : Items shows your actual processing capacity for high-priority items on individual days]]<br /> {{:Image:Item priority protection.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Use : Priority protection : Topics ====<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Topic priority protection.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Use : Priority protection : Topics shows your actual processing capacity for high-priority topics on individual days]]<br /> {{:Image:Topic priority protection.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == Forgetting ==<br /> <br /> xxx<br /> <br /> == Forgetting (UF) ==<br /> <br /> 400 [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curves]] are independently plotted in order to compute the RF matrix in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. These correspond to 20 repetition number categories and 20 [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] categories. For data representation convenience, the columns of the RF matrix for the first repetition are indexed by the number of [[Glossary:Lapse|memory lapses]] rather than by the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]]. By choosing a proper combination of tabs at the bottom of the graph, you can select a [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curve]] of interest. Horizontal axis represents time expressed as: (1) [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factor]], i.e. the ratio of subsequent inter-repetition [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]], or (2) days (only for the first [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]). Vertical axis represents [[Glossary:Retention|knowledge retention]] in percent. <br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:First forgetting curve.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: The first forgetting curve (first repetition for items with no lapses)]]<br /> {{:Image:First forgetting curve.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Forgetting curves.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Forgetting (UF) graphs for 20 repetition number categories multiplied by 20 A-Factor categories]] <br /> {{:Image:Forgetting curves.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:Cumulative forgetting curve.jpg|center|800px|SuperMemo: In SuperMemo 18, forgetting curves can be normalized over A-Factors at different repetition categories. As a result, you can display (1) your cumulative forgetting curve (blue dots), (2) its negative exponential approximation used by SuperMemo (red line) and (3) individual data points from all forgetting curves collected by SuperMemo (yellow circles).]] <br /> {{:Image:Cumulative forgetting curve.jpg}}<br /> <br /> == Stabiliz. ==<br /> <br /> xxx<br /> <br /> == Graphs ==<br /> <br /> === Forgetting Index vs. Priority ===<br /> <br /> '''Forgetting Index vs. Priority''' - this graph shows you how forgetting depends on the [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] of the learning material. If you always go through your [[Glossary:Outstanding_element|outstanding material]] in time and if you stick to the [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm 20 rules of knowledge formulation], your [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] should be the same as the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]]. This graph will then show a flat straight line passing horizontally at the level of the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]]. However, once you start overloading the learning process and using '''[[Postpone]]''' or '''[[Mercy]]''', your [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] will increase. If you always sort your repetitions by [[Glossary:Priority|priority]] (e.g. by leaving '''[[Learn_menu|Learn]] : [[Learn_menu#Sorting|Sorting]] : Auto-sort repetitions''' checked), you should still ensure that your [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] equals the [[Glossary:Requested_forgetting_index|requested forgetting index]] for high priority [[Glossary:Element|elements]] (i.e. on the left side of the graph). Your [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] for low priority material will be higher, and the greater the [[Glossary:Overload|overload]] the greater the difference. If you change your [[Priority_queue#Sorting_repetitions|repetition sorting criteria]] by increasing randomization of repetitions, this graph will be flatter and the [[Glossary:Measured_forgetting_index|measured forgetting index]] for high priority material will be higher.<br /> <br /> === First interval ===<br /> <br /> '''First interval''' - the length of the first [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] after the first [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] depends on the number of times a given [[Glossary:Item|item]] has been forgotten. Note that the first [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] here means the first [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]] after forgetting, ''not'' the first repetition ever. In other words, a twice repeated [[Glossary:Item|item]] will have the repetition number equal to one after it has been forgotten; the repetition number will not equal three. The first [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] graph shows exponential regression curve that approximates the length of the first [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] for different numbers of [[Glossary:Lapse|memory lapses]] (including the zero-lapses category that corresponds with newly [[Glossary:memorized_element|memorized]] [[Glossary:Item|items]]). In the graph below, blue circles correspond to data collected in the learning process (the greater the circle, the more repetitions have been recorded).<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:First interval.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Graphs : First Interval shows you exponential regression curve that approximates the length of the first interval for different numbers of memory lapses]]<br /> {{:Image:First interval.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === D-Factor vs. A-Factor ===<br /> <br /> '''D-Factor vs. A-Factor''' - DF-AF graph shows decay constants of the power approximation of [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factors]] along columns of the [[Glossary:RF_matrix|RF matrix]]. You need to understand [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 SuperMemo Algorithm SM-15] to understand this graph. The horizontal axis represents [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]], while the vertical axis represents [[Glossary:D-Factor|D-Factor]] (i.e. Decay Factor). [[Glossary:D-Factor|D-Factor]] is a decay constant of the power approximation of curves that can be inspected in the '''[[#Approximations|Approximations]]''' tab of the '''Analysis''' dialog box.<br /> <br /> === First Grade vs. A-Factor ===<br /> <br /> '''First Grade vs. A-Factor''' - G-AF graph correlates the first [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] obtained by an [[Glossary:Item|item]] with the ultimate estimation of its [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] value. At each [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]], the current [[Glossary:Element|element]]'s old [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] estimation is removed from the graph and the new estimation is added. This graph is used by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 SuperMemo Algorithm SM-15] to quickly estimate the first value of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] at the moment when all we know about an [[Glossary:Element|element]] is the first [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] it has scored in its first [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]].<br /> <br /> === Grade vs. Forgetting Index ===<br /> <br /> '''&lt;span id=&quot;G-FI_graph&quot;&gt;Grade vs. Forgetting Index&lt;/span&gt;''' - FI-G graph correlates the [[Forgetting_index#expected_forgetting_index|expected forgetting index]] with the [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] scored at repetitions. You need to understand [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 SuperMemo Algorithm SM-15] to understand this graph. You can imagine that the [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curve]] graph might use the average [[Glossary:Grade|grade]] instead of the [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] on its vertical axis. If you correlated this grade with the [[Glossary:Forgetting_index|forgetting index]], you would arrive at the FI-G graph. This graph is used to compute an [[Forgetting_index#estimated_forgetting_index|estimated forgetting index]] that is in turn used to normalize grades (for delayed or advanced repetitions) and estimate the new value of [[Glossary:Item|item]]'s [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]]. The grade is computed using the formula: ''Grade=Exp(A*FI+B)'', where A and B are parameters of an exponential regression run over raw data collected during repetitions.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Grade vs Forgetting index.jpg|center|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Graphs : Grade vs. Forgetting index graph]]<br /> <br /> == Distributions ==<br /> <br /> === Intervals ===<br /> <br /> '''Intervals''' - distribution of inter-repetition [[Glossary:Interval|intervals]] in a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. By changing the setting of the combo box at the bottom of the dialog, you can see [[Glossary:Interval|interval]] distributions for all [[Glossary:Element|elements]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]], for only [[Glossary:Item|items]], and for only [[Glossary:Topic|topics]].<br /> <br /> === A-Factors ===<br /> <br /> '''A-Factors''' - distribution of [[Glossary#A-factor|A-Factors]] in a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]. The distribution itself is not used in [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15], and merely results from it. Note that [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] and [[Glossary:Item|items]] use different [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] categories. Choose ''Items only'' or ''Topics only'' at the bottom to see distributions for items or topics respectively. If you choose ''All elements'' you will see a less meaningful conglomerate distribution indexed by [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] category number.<br /> [[Image:AFactors distribution.jpg|center|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Distributions : A-Factors shows you how A-Factors are distributed in your collection]]<br /> <br /> === Difficulties ===<br /> <br /> '''Difficulties''' - distribution of item difficulties as determined by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]. See also: [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulties]]<br /> <br /> === Repetitions ===<br /> <br /> '''Repetitions''' - distribution of the number of [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] of [[Glossary:Item|items]] or [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] in a given [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]; only [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized elements]] are considered in the distribution, i.e. there is no zero-repetitions category.<br /> <br /> === Lapses ===<br /> <br /> '''Lapses''' - distribution of the number of times particular [[Glossary:Item|items]] in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] have been forgotten; only [[Glossary:Memorized_element|memorized elements]] are considered. You should never have more than 10% of [[Glossary:Item|items]] with more than 3-4 lapses. If this is not the case, you should re-examine the way in which you formulate [[Glossary:Item|items]] (see [http://www.super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm 20 Rules of Formulating Knowledge]). As [[Glossary:Topic|topics]] are never &quot;forgotten&quot; at repetition time, there are no [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]] listed in '''Lapses''' if you select ''Topics only'' in the element type combo box.<br /> [[Image:Lapses distribution.jpg|center|800px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Analysis : Distributions : Lapses shows you how memory lapses are distributed in your collection]]<br /> <br /> == 3-D Curves ==<br /> <br /> These graphs show the [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curves]] in 3 dimensions. There are 20 graphs available with [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] tabs at the bottom. Each graph corresponds to a different [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] (from 1.2 to 6.9). The X axis represents time (as in '''[[#Forgetting curves|Forgetting curves]]'''). The Y axis represents [[Glossary:Repetition_category|repetition category]] (roughly corresponding to the repetition number). The vertical Z axis represents [[Glossary:Retention|retention]] in percent (i.e. how much is remembered at a given moment in time). For better visibility, you can rotate 3-D [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curves]] with '''Rotate''', or smooth them with '''Smooth'''. '''Rotate '''swings the graph on its Z axis by 90 degrees clockwise (as viewed from above). This means that X and Y axes get swapped. Note that smoothing proceeds along the Y axis. This makes it possible to align incompletely plotted [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curves]] from different [[Glossary:Repetition_category|repetition categories]]. However, once you click '''Rotate''', Y axis smoothing will produce a different result (e.g. after the first '''Rotate''', smoothing will reduce kinks along the [[Glossary:Repetition_category|repetition categories]]). For the best illustration of the forgetting process, smooth the graph before you rotate it. &lt;!-- Uhhh.... better explain X- and Y-axes; which one goes into the screen? And what is &quot;repetition category&quot;? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:AFactor_3D_Curve.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Exemplary 3-D graph of forgetting curves for A-Factor=3.6]]<br /> {{:Image:AFactor_3D_Curve.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> == 3-D Graphs ==<br /> <br /> 3-D graphs that visually represent [[Glossary:R-Factor|RF]], [[Glossary:O-Factor|OF]], and Cases matrices (see: [[#Matrices|'''Matrices''']] below)<br /> <br /> == S. decay ==<br /> <br /> Graphs that show how SInc slope is computed.<br /> <br /> == QF decay ==<br /> <br /> 20 power approximation curves that show the decline of [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factors]] along columns of the [[Glossary:RF_matrix|RF matrix]]. You need to understand [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 SuperMemo Algorithm SM-15] to understand these graphs. For each [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]], with increasing values of the repetition number, the value of [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factor]] decreases (at least theoretically it should decrease). Power regression is used to illustrate the degree of this decline that is best reflected by the decay constant called here [[Glossary:D-Factor|D-Factor]]. By choosing the [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] tab at the bottom of the graph, you can view a corresponding [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factor]] approximation curve. The horizontal axis represents the repetition number category, while the vertical axis represents [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factor]]. The value of [[Glossary:D-Factor|D-Factor]] is shown at the top of the graph. The blue polyline shows [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factors]] as derived from repetition data. The red curve shows the fixed-point power approximation of [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factor]]. The green curve shows the fixed-point power approximation of [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factor]] derived from the OF matrix; this is equivalent to substituting the [[Glossary:D-Factor|D-Factor]] obtained by fixed-point power approximation of [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factors]] for the [[Glossary:D-Factor|D-Factor]] obtained from DF-AF linear regression. A fixed-point approach is used for both approximations since for the repetition number equal to two, [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factor]] equals [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]].<br /> <br /> == Matrices ==<br /> <br /> You need to understand [[SuperMemo Algorithm]] to understand these tables. <br /> <br /> * '''Recall''' - recall derived from [[Glossary:Recall matrix|Recall[] matrix]]<br /> * '''Metric''' - recall metric that shows the accuracy of recall predictions for different levels of [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] and [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]]<br /> * '''Cases''' - repetition cases used in computing the stabilization matrix<br /> * '''R90''' - predicted [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] at recall of 90%<br /> * '''SInc''' - stabilization expressed as [[Glossary:Stability increase matrix|stability increase matrix SInc[]]]<br /> * '''Intervals''' - matrix of [[Glossary:Optimum_interval|optimum intervals]] derived from the OF matrix<br /> * '''R-Factors''' - matrix of [[Glossary:R-Factor|retention factors]]<br /> * '''OF matrix''' - matrix of [[Glossary:O-Factor|optimal factors]] indexed by the repetition number and [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] (except for the first [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]], [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] is replaced with [[Glossary:Lapse|memory lapses]])<br /> * '''RF Cases''' - matrix of repetition cases used to compute the corresponding entries of the [[Glossary:RF_matrix|RF matrix]] (double click an entry to view the relevant [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curve]]). This matrix can be edited manually (e.g. if you want to change the weight of some measurements during repetitions)<br /> <br /> [[File:Intervals matrix.jpg|center|600px|SuperMemo: Toolkit : Statistics : Matrices : Intervals displays the matrix of optimum intervals derived from the OF matrix]]<br /> <br /> == FAQ ==<br /> <br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Weirdness_in_my_collection I worry my graphs look weird and I do something wrong]<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> *[http://super-memory.com/help/faq/memory.htm FAQ: Memory and learning] <br /> *[http://super-memory.com/articles/theory.htm SuperMemo Theory] <br /> *[https://supermemo.guru/wiki/SuperMemo_Algorithm SuperMemo Algorithm]<br /> *[[Memory graphs (4D)]]<br /> *[https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 SuperMemo Algorithm SM-15]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Memory_graphs_(4D)&diff=10242 2019-03-15T07:42:24Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Graph analysis controls */</p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> [[What's new in SuperMemo 18?|SuperMemo 18]] uses a new spaced repetition algorithm denoted [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]. Unlike all prior algorithms that were either theoretical or &quot;inspired by data&quot;, this algorithm has been developed entirely on the basis of prior records of repetitions collected by users of SuperMemo. This data-driven effort required untold hours of analysis while processing millions of repetition samples. '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Memory|Memory]] : 4D Graphs''' was instrumental in that analysis and debugging process. If you want to understand the algorithm and help improve it further, please study those tools and keep analyzing your own data and your own memory. In a stochastic system of memory, perfection is impossible, but we should always try to come closer to the optimum.<br /> <br /> '''Important:''' To see nice graphs as shown in the [[#Pictures|pictures below]], you need to use a [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] with a mature learning process. New collections have no memory data to show.<br /> <br /> == Available memory graphs ==<br /> <br /> All memory graphs provide a 3-dimensional view with rotation along all 2 axes (X and Y), and a slider for animation in the 3rd dimension along [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]].<br /> <br /> The following memory graphs are available with '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Memory|Memory]] : 4D Graphs''' on its individual tabs:<br /> <br /> * '''Matrices''' - xxx woz<br /> ** '''S90''' - stabilization at [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrivability]] of 90%<br /> ** '''SIncMin''' - minimum stabilization<br /> ** '''SIncMax''' - maximum stabilization<br /> ** '''Gain''' - [[Glossary:Spacing effect|spacing effect]] as stabilization gain<br /> ** '''Decay''' - stabilization decay<br /> ** '''OS''' - optimum stabilization<br /> ** '''Recall''' - recall for [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrivability]] of 90%<br /> ** '''R90''' - xxx woz<br /> ** '''Metric''' - recall metric<br /> ** '''Cases''' - xxx woz<br /> ** '''RF''' - xxx woz<br /> ** '''OF''' - [[Glossary:O-Factor|O-Factor]] matrix<br /> ** '''Intervals''' - xxx woz<br /> ** '''RF Cases''' - xxx woz<br /> * '''Stabilization''': the function that tells you how much [[Glossary:Stability|memory stability]] increases with a [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. If you click '''Compute''', all [[Repetition history|repetition histories]] will be scanned to compute the [[Glossary:Stability_increase_matrix|SInc[] matrix]]. For a given [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]], the increase depends on [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] and [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievabilty]]. To view the 3-rd dimension of [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]], slide the thumb on the '''Difficulty''' slider. See [[#Stability increase function|example]]<br /> * '''SInc Approx''': approximation of the function represented by the [[Glossary:Stability_increase_matrix|stability increase matrix]]. If you click '''Compute''', SuperMemo will look for the best fit to data (which is the SInc[] matrix computed on the '''Stabilization''' tab). See [[#Stability increase function approximation|example]]<br /> * '''Recall''': the function that tells you how well actual recall corresponds with [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] predicted by SuperMemo. The difference between comes primarily from the difficulty in [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm formulating perfect items] that would produce purely exponential forgetting. In addition, SuperMemo itself is far from perfect in sorting [[Glossary:Item|items]] by [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]]. See [[#Recall|example]]<br /> * '''Recall Approx''': approximation of the function represented by the [[Glossary:Recall_matrix|Recall[] matrix]]. If you click '''Compute''', SuperMemo will look for the best fit to data (which is the Recall[] matrix computed on the '''Recall''' tab). See [[#Recall approximation|example]]<br /> * '''First Interval''': the function that illustrates [[Glossary:Post-lapse_stability|post-lapse stability]] depending on the number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]] and [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] at failure. It is the equivalent of the first-interval graph extended into the retrievability dimension. [[Glossary:Retrievability|Retrievability]] is important in that a failure at low retrievability does not need to signify the [[Glossary:Item|item]] is difficult and [[Glossary:Post-lapse_stability|post-lapse stability]] is low. See [[#First interval|example]]<br /> * '''PLS Approx''': approximation of the function represented by post-lapse stability matrix. If you click '''Compute''', SuperMemo will look for the best fit to data (which is the post-lapse matrix computed on the '''First Interval''' tab). See [[#First interval approximation|example]]<br /> * '''Sleep''': correlation between recall and the [[SleepChart#Two-component_sleep_model|two components of sleep]]. This is a 2-dimensional graph that combines [[SleepChart#Alertness|'''Alertness (H)''' and '''Alertness (C)''']] of '''[[Sleep Chart]]'''. As the data is not part of Algorithm SM-18 optimization, you need to click '''Compute''' to collect data needed to display this graph<br /> * '''Forgetting''': 3D [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curves]] collected by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. This is the same graph as the one displayed by '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#3-D Curves|3-D Curves]]''' with the added benefit of 3-axis rotation in space and '''[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]]''' slider for the 4th dimension.<br /> * '''RF Matrix''': 3D [[Glossary:RF_matrix|RF matrix]] collected by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. This is the same graph as the one displayed by '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#3-D Graphs|3-D Graphs]] : R-Factor Matrix''' with the added benefit of 3-axis rotation in space<br /> <br /> == Graph analysis controls ==<br /> <br /> * '''X''' and '''Y''' axis rotation (top 2 sliders)<br /> * '''Difficulty''' slider (for animation in the 3rd dimension)<br /> * Repetition cases in consideration<br /> * '''Cases''': the label showing the total number of repetition cases in consideration<br /> * '''Slices''' - xxx not implemented at the moment (if it does not show up by release time, this will have to be removed)<br /> * '''Compute''': recompute the graph using the data in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]<br /> * '''Reset''': reset the memory matrices<br /> * '''Smoothing''': average neighboring entries in matrices<br /> * '''Subset''': select a [[Glossary:Element_subset|subset of elements]] for which matrices should be computed<br /> * '''Reset Cases''': reset the count of repetition cases without changing the data (i.e. values of entries in matrices)<br /> * '''Export''': export data for analysis in Excel<br /> * '''Average''' checkbox: the &quot;golden mean&quot; average of the data with:<br /> *# the best-fit approximation, and<br /> *# data-rich neighboring entries in proportion to available information<br /> <br /> == Pictures ==<br /> <br /> === Stability increase function ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Stability increase function.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: 3D graph of SInc[] matrix based on 60,167 repetition cases for items with difficulty=0.5]]<br /> {{:Image:Stability increase function.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Stability increase function contour map ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Stability increase function contour map.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: A &quot;from above&quot; view at the SInc[] matrix providing a contour map]]<br /> {{:Image:Stability increase function contour map.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Stability increase approximation ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Stability increase function approximation.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Approximating the SInc[] matrix with the best-fit function used by default in SuperMemo to compute the increase in stability (e.g. in cases of lack of data)]]<br /> {{File:Stability increase function approximation.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recall ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Recall.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: The Recall[] matrix graph showing actual recall differs from predicted retrievability]]<br /> {{:File:Recall.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recall approximation ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Recall approximation.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Approximating the Recall[] matrix with the best-fit function to compute default recall in conditions of data scarcity]]<br /> {{:File:Recall approximation.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recall approximation curve ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Recall approximation curve.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Approximating the Recall[] matrix with the best-fit function to compute default recall in conditions of data scarcity]]<br /> {{:File:Recall approximation curve.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === First interval ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Post-lapse stability.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: The relationship between the first interval after failure, retrievability at review, and prior memory lapse count]]<br /> {{:File:Post-lapse stability.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === First interval approximation ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:First interval approximation.jpg|800px|SuperMemo Approximating the impact of retrievability and memory lapses on the post-lapse stability]]<br /> {{:File:First interval approximation.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Pictures_that_are_wrong_or_outdated&diff=10222 2019-03-14T20:51:58Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>List here images that you think are wrong or need to be updated. Shift most glaring errors to the top. Explain the error. Don't forget to provide the link to the picture.<br /> <br /> '''Most glaring picture bugs''':<br /> <br /> * [[Media:Wikipedia_import.jpg|'''Edit : Web import : Wikipedia''']]<br /> * [[Media:YouTube_import.jpg|'''Edit : Web import : YouTube''']]<br /> * [[Media:Search_menu.jpg|'''Search''' main menu]]<br /> * [[Media:Help Web submenu.jpg|'''Help : Web''' submenu]]<br /> <br /> '''Easy fixes''':<br /> <br /> * [[Media:Stability_increase_function.jpg|Stability increase function]] - picture and description can be lifted from [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/File:Stability_increase_function.png here]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Image_requests&diff=10219 2019-03-14T20:49:05Z

<p>SMBeta: moved Image requests to Pictures that are wrong or outdated</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Pictures that are wrong or outdated]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Pictures_that_are_wrong_or_outdated&diff=10218 2019-03-14T20:49:05Z

<p>SMBeta: moved Image requests to Pictures that are wrong or outdated</p> <hr /> <div>List here images that you think are wrong or need to be updated. Shift most glaring errors to the top. Explain the error. Don't forget to provide the link to the picture.<br /> <br /> '''Most glaring picture bugs''':<br /> <br /> * [[Media:Wikipedia_import.jpg|'''Edit : Web import : Wikipedia''']]<br /> * [[Media:YouTube_import.jpg|'''Edit : Web import : YouTube''']]<br /> * [[Media:Stability_increase_function.jpg|Stability increase function]]<br /> * [[Media:Search_menu.jpg|'''Search''' main menu]]<br /> * [[Media:Help Web submenu.jpg|'''Help : Web''' submenu]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Pictures_that_are_wrong_or_outdated&diff=10217 2019-03-14T20:48:37Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>List here images that you think are wrong or need to be updated. Shift most glaring errors to the top. Explain the error. Don't forget to provide the link to the picture.<br /> <br /> '''Most glaring picture bugs''':<br /> <br /> * [[Media:Wikipedia_import.jpg|'''Edit : Web import : Wikipedia''']]<br /> * [[Media:YouTube_import.jpg|'''Edit : Web import : YouTube''']]<br /> * [[Media:Stability_increase_function.jpg|Stability increase function]]<br /> * [[Media:Search_menu.jpg|'''Search''' main menu]]<br /> * [[Media:Help Web submenu.jpg|'''Help : Web''' submenu]]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Toolbar_dock&diff=10073 2019-03-07T18:31:28Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Deprecated page'''<br /> <br /> There is no toolbar dock in SuperMemo 18. The toolbars can now be found at the bottom of the element window. They are not dockable and they cannot float. This is how users wanted it.<br /> <br /> This picture is now a memory from SuperMemo 8 through SuperMemo 17:<br /> <br /> [[Image:Toolbar_dock.jpg|center|SuperMemo: Main menu and Toolbar dock]]<br /> <br /> The toolbars moved to the element window:<br /> <br /> * [[Tools toolbar | '''Tools''']] - toolbar with speed-buttons that provide one-click access to the most frequently used operations in SuperMemo. This toolbar also hosts a combo-box used to change the current [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]]. ''In the picture, the current tasklist is &quot;Tasks&quot;''<br /> * [[Compose toolbar | '''Compose''']] - toolbar with buttons that you will need to build your [[Glossary:Element|elements]] by adding [[Glossary:Component|components]] of different type (e.g. text, sound, image, HTML, etc.) and with different properties (e.g. font, color, transparency, sound file, etc.)<br /> * [[Edit toolbar | '''Format''']] - toolbar with operations that you will need to edit [[Using text components|HTML and rich text components]] (fonts, alignment, bullets, etc.) as well as some other editing options such as: copy [[Glossary:Element|element]], paste element, [[Glossary:Editing_mode|editing]] and [[Glossary:Dragging_mode|dragging]] modes, etc.<br /> * [[Read toolbar| '''Read''']] - toolbar with options used in [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]]<br /> * [[Alarm toolbar|'''Alarm''']] - toolbar with an alarm timer and stop-watch</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Toolbar_dock&diff=10072 2019-03-07T18:31:02Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Deprecated page'''<br /> <br /> There is no toolbar dock in SuperMemo 18. The toolbars can now be found at the bottom of the element window. They are not dockable and they cannot float. This is how users wanted it.<br /> <br /> This picture is now a memory from SuperMemo 8 through SuperMemo 17:<br /> <br /> [[Image:Toolbar_dock.jpg|center|SuperMemo: Main menu and Toolbar dock]]<br /> <br /> The toolbars moved to the element window:<br /> <br /> * [[Tools toolbar | '''Tools''']] (as in the picture above) - toolbar with speed-buttons that provide one-click access to the most frequently used operations in SuperMemo. This toolbar also hosts a combo-box used to change the current [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]]. ''In the picture, the current tasklist is &quot;Tasks&quot;''<br /> * [[Compose toolbar | '''Compose''']] - toolbar with buttons that you will need to build your [[Glossary:Element|elements]] by adding [[Glossary:Component|components]] of different type (e.g. text, sound, image, HTML, etc.) and with different properties (e.g. font, color, transparency, sound file, etc.)<br /> * [[Edit toolbar | '''Format''']] - toolbar with operations that you will need to edit [[Using text components|HTML and rich text components]] (fonts, alignment, bullets, etc.) as well as some other editing options such as: copy [[Glossary:Element|element]], paste element, [[Glossary:Editing_mode|editing]] and [[Glossary:Dragging_mode|dragging]] modes, etc.<br /> * [[Read toolbar| '''Read''']] - toolbar with options used in [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]]<br /> * [[Alarm toolbar|'''Alarm''']] - toolbar with an alarm timer and stop-watch</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Toolbar_dock&diff=10071 2019-03-07T18:30:50Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Deprecated page'''<br /> <br /> There is not toolbar dock in SuperMemo 18. The toolbars can now be found at the bottom of the element window. They are not dockable and they cannot float. This is how users wanted it.<br /> <br /> This picture is now a memory from SuperMemo 8 through SuperMemo 17:<br /> <br /> [[Image:Toolbar_dock.jpg|center|SuperMemo: Main menu and Toolbar dock]]<br /> <br /> The toolbars moved to the element window:<br /> <br /> * [[Tools toolbar | '''Tools''']] (as in the picture above) - toolbar with speed-buttons that provide one-click access to the most frequently used operations in SuperMemo. This toolbar also hosts a combo-box used to change the current [[Glossary:Tasklist|tasklist]]. ''In the picture, the current tasklist is &quot;Tasks&quot;''<br /> * [[Compose toolbar | '''Compose''']] - toolbar with buttons that you will need to build your [[Glossary:Element|elements]] by adding [[Glossary:Component|components]] of different type (e.g. text, sound, image, HTML, etc.) and with different properties (e.g. font, color, transparency, sound file, etc.)<br /> * [[Edit toolbar | '''Format''']] - toolbar with operations that you will need to edit [[Using text components|HTML and rich text components]] (fonts, alignment, bullets, etc.) as well as some other editing options such as: copy [[Glossary:Element|element]], paste element, [[Glossary:Editing_mode|editing]] and [[Glossary:Dragging_mode|dragging]] modes, etc.<br /> * [[Read toolbar| '''Read''']] - toolbar with options used in [[Glossary:Incremental_reading|incremental reading]]<br /> * [[Alarm toolbar|'''Alarm''']] - toolbar with an alarm timer and stop-watch</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=SuperMemo_Algorithm&diff=10021 2019-03-06T17:16:57Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Historical note: earlier releases of the algorithm */</p> <hr /> <div>== Algorithm SM-18 ==<br /> <br /> SuperMemo had a fertile impact on the research of modeling long-term memory. One of the most interesting fruits of that research is the [http://www.super-memory.com/english/2vm.htm two component model of long-term memory]. Over the last two decades, it has been hinted on many occasions that the model may provide a sound theoretical basis for a better and more universal approach to [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. Algorithm SM-18 is the most up-to-date implementation of the theory in a practical application. Due to its universal nature, the algorithm should, in the future, find its way to all SuperMemo products.<br /> <br /> For details see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]<br /> <br /> == Historical note: earlier releases of the algorithm ==<br /> <br /> Although the presented algorithm may seem complex, you should find it easier to follow its steps once you understand the evolution of individual concepts such as [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]], matrix of optimum intervals, optimum factors, [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]], mid-interval repetition, stability, retrievability, etc. <br /> <br /> *'''1985''' - Paper-and-pencil version of SuperMemo is formulated ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/beginning.htm#Algorithm Algorithm SM-0]). Repetitions of whole pages of material proceed along a fixed table of intervals. See also: [http://super-memory.com/articles/paper.htm Using SuperMemo without a computer] <br /> *'''1987''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm2.htm First computer implementation] makes it possible to divide material into individual items. Items are classified into difficulty categories by means of [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]]. Each difficulty category has its own optimum spacing of repetitions ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2]) <br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 4 was able to modify the function of optimum intervals depending on the student's performance ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm4.htm Algorithm SM-4]). This was then the first algorithm in which the function of optimal intervals was adaptable<br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 5 replaced the matrix of optimum intervals with the matrix of optimal factors (an optimum factor is the ratio between successive intervals). This approach accelerated the adaptation of the function of optimum intervals ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm5.htm Algorithm SM-5]) <br /> *'''1991''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] derived optimal factors from [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] plotted for each entry of the matrix of optimum factors. This could dramatically speed up the convergence of the function of optimum intervals to its ultimate value ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm6.htm Algorithm SM-6]). This was then the first adaptable algorithm that would use regression to find the best fit to the actual memory performance data. Unlike SuperMemo 5, which could keep converging and diverging depending on the quality of the learning material and the learning process, SuperMemo 6 would get closer to the student's ultimate memory model with each day of learning <br /> *'''1995''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm8.htm SuperMemo 8] capitalized on data collected by users of [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm7.htm SuperMemo 7] and added a number of improvements that strengthened the theoretical validity of the function of optimum intervals and made it possible to accelerate its adaptation, esp. in the early stages of learning ([http://super-memory.com/english/algsm8.htm Algorithm SM-8]). New concepts: <br /> **replacing [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factors]] with absolute difficulty factors: [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]]. Item difficulty was thus defined in terms of actual properties of human memory, and would not depend on the average difficulty of the learning material <br /> **fast approximation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] from the '''First Grade vs. A-Factor''' correlation graph and '''Grade vs. Forgetting index graph'''. This makes it possible to quickly guess item's difficulty before more data is available <br /> **real-time adjustment of the matrix of optimal factors based on the power approximation of the decline of optimum factors <br /> *'''2002''' - SuperMemo 2002 introduced the first SuperMemo algorithm that is resistant to interference from delay or advancement of repetitions. This makes it possible to safely delay repetitions ('''[[Postpone]]''') or advance repetitions ([[Subset learning|'''Review''']]): <br /> **accounting for delayed repetitions by introducing the concept of repetition categories <br /> **accounting for advanced repetitions by introducing O-Factor decrements derived from the concept of the ''spacing effect'' <br /> *'''2005''' - [http://www.freewarefiles.com/SuperMemo_program_13849.html SuperMemo 2004] introduced boundaries on A and B parameters computed from the '''Grade vs. Forgetting Index''' data. This plugs up a weakness in the algorithm that showed when importing repetitions from other applications (e.g. open source MemAid). If a large number of easy repetitions occurred at unnaturally long intervals (as after pre-training with another application), the graph might show reversed monotonicity that would temporarily affect the estimation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] (the speed of self-correction would be reversely proportional to the amount of flawed data). When boundaries are imposed, self-correction is instant, and the accuracy of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] estimation increases with each repetition executed in SuperMemo <br /> *'''2011 '''- with [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15], SuperMemo 15 eliminated two weaknesses of Algorithm SM-11 that would show up in heavily overloaded collections with very large item delays: <br /> ** [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factors]] now allow of correctly interpreting repetition delays of up to 15 years (previously 60 days only)<br /> ** [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] are now corrected for repetition delays beyond the maximum registered [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factor]] value (preventing failed grades in delayed repetitions decreasing the estimates of the [[Glossary:Optimum interval|optimum interval]] for standardly-scheduled items in the same category)<br /> *'''2015''' - Algorithm SM-17 is a successor to all prior versions of the algorithm in future SuperMemos. It has passed all important benchmarks, and was part of SuperMemo 17 in 2016 <br /> *'''2018''' - '''Algorithm SM-18''' is the newest version of the spaced repetition algorithm introduced in SuperMemo 18. The new algorithm improves the way item difficulty is estimated<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17_FAQs Algorithm SM-17 FAQs]<br /> * [http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2 (first algorithm for spaced repetitions on a computer)]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Comparing_SuperMemo_with_other_applications_based_on_spaced_repetition Comparing SuperMemo with other applications based on spaced repetition]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Spaced_repetition_algorithm_metric Spaced repetition algorithm metric]<br /> * [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/First_fast-converging_spaced_repetition_algorithm:_Algorithm_SM-5#Criticism_of_Algorithm_SM-5 Superiority of SuperMemo over Anki]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Open_letter_to_spaced_repetition_developers Open letter to spaced repetition developers]<br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/index.php?title=Algorithm_SM-17&amp;action=history Collaborative edits history of this file at SuperMemopedia]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=SuperMemo_Algorithm&diff=10020 2019-03-06T17:16:10Z

<p>SMBeta: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>== Algorithm SM-18 ==<br /> <br /> SuperMemo had a fertile impact on the research of modeling long-term memory. One of the most interesting fruits of that research is the [http://www.super-memory.com/english/2vm.htm two component model of long-term memory]. Over the last two decades, it has been hinted on many occasions that the model may provide a sound theoretical basis for a better and more universal approach to [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. Algorithm SM-18 is the most up-to-date implementation of the theory in a practical application. Due to its universal nature, the algorithm should, in the future, find its way to all SuperMemo products.<br /> <br /> For details see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]<br /> <br /> == Historical note: earlier releases of the algorithm ==<br /> <br /> Although the presented algorithm may seem complex, you should find it easier to follow its steps once you understand the evolution of individual concepts such as [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]], matrix of optimum intervals, optimum factors, [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]], mid-interval repetition, stability, retrievability, etc. <br /> <br /> *'''1985''' - Paper-and-pencil version of SuperMemo is formulated ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/beginning.htm#Algorithm Algorithm SM-0]). Repetitions of whole pages of material proceed along a fixed table of intervals. See also: [http://super-memory.com/articles/paper.htm Using SuperMemo without a computer] <br /> *'''1987''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm2.htm First computer implementation] makes it possible to divide material into individual items. Items are classified into difficulty categories by means of [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]]. Each difficulty category has its own optimum spacing of repetitions ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2]) <br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 4 was able to modify the function of optimum intervals depending on the student's performance ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm4.htm Algorithm SM-4]). This was then the first algorithm in which the function of optimal intervals was adaptable<br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 5 replaced the matrix of optimum intervals with the matrix of optimal factors (an optimum factor is the ratio between successive intervals). This approach accelerated the adaptation of the function of optimum intervals ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm5.htm Algorithm SM-5]) <br /> *'''1991''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] derived optimal factors from [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] plotted for each entry of the matrix of optimum factors. This could dramatically speed up the convergence of the function of optimum intervals to its ultimate value ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm6.htm Algorithm SM-6]). This was then the first adaptable algorithm that would use regression to find the best fit to the actual memory performance data. Unlike SuperMemo 5, which could keep converging and diverging depending on the quality of the learning material and the learning process, SuperMemo 6 would get closer to the student's ultimate memory model with each day of learning <br /> *'''1995''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm8.htm SuperMemo 8] capitalized on data collected by users of [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm7.htm SuperMemo 7] and added a number of improvements that strengthened the theoretical validity of the function of optimum intervals and made it possible to accelerate its adaptation, esp. in the early stages of learning ([http://super-memory.com/english/algsm8.htm Algorithm SM-8]). New concepts: <br /> **replacing [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factors]] with absolute difficulty factors: [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]]. Item difficulty was thus defined in terms of actual properties of human memory, and would not depend on the average difficulty of the learning material <br /> **fast approximation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] from the '''First Grade vs. A-Factor''' correlation graph and '''Grade vs. Forgetting index graph'''. This makes it possible to quickly guess item's difficulty before more data is available <br /> **real-time adjustment of the matrix of optimal factors based on the power approximation of the decline of optimum factors <br /> *'''2002''' - SuperMemo 2002 introduced the first SuperMemo algorithm that is resistant to interference from delay or advancement of repetitions. This makes it possible to safely delay repetitions ('''[[Postpone]]''') or advance repetitions ([[Subset learning|'''Review''']]): <br /> **accounting for delayed repetitions by introducing the concept of repetition categories <br /> **accounting for advanced repetitions by introducing O-Factor decrements derived from the concept of the ''spacing effect'' <br /> *'''2005''' - [http://www.freewarefiles.com/SuperMemo_program_13849.html SuperMemo 2004] introduced boundaries on A and B parameters computed from the '''Grade vs. Forgetting Index''' data. This plugs up a weakness in the algorithm that showed when importing repetitions from other applications (e.g. open source MemAid). If a large number of easy repetitions occurred at unnaturally long intervals (as after pre-training with another application), the graph might show reversed monotonicity that would temporarily affect the estimation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] (the speed of self-correction would be reversely proportional to the amount of flawed data). When boundaries are imposed, self-correction is instant, and the accuracy of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] estimation increases with each repetition executed in SuperMemo <br /> *'''2011 '''- with [[Algorithm SM-15]], SuperMemo 15 eliminated two weaknesses of Algorithm SM-11 that would show up in heavily overloaded collections with very large item delays: <br /> ** [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factors]] now allow of correctly interpreting repetition delays of up to 15 years (previously 60 days only)<br /> ** [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] are now corrected for repetition delays beyond the maximum registered [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factor]] value (preventing failed grades in delayed repetitions decreasing the estimates of the [[Glossary:Optimum interval|optimum interval]] for standardly-scheduled items in the same category)<br /> *'''2015''' - Algorithm SM-17 is a successor to all prior versions of the algorithm in future SuperMemos. It has passed all important benchmarks, and was part of SuperMemo 17 in 2016 <br /> *'''2018''' - '''Algorithm SM-18''' is the newest version of the spaced repetition algorithm introduced in SuperMemo 18. The new algorithm improves the way item difficulty is estimated<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17_FAQs Algorithm SM-17 FAQs]<br /> * [http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2 (first algorithm for spaced repetitions on a computer)]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Comparing_SuperMemo_with_other_applications_based_on_spaced_repetition Comparing SuperMemo with other applications based on spaced repetition]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Spaced_repetition_algorithm_metric Spaced repetition algorithm metric]<br /> * [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/First_fast-converging_spaced_repetition_algorithm:_Algorithm_SM-5#Criticism_of_Algorithm_SM-5 Superiority of SuperMemo over Anki]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Open_letter_to_spaced_repetition_developers Open letter to spaced repetition developers]<br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/index.php?title=Algorithm_SM-17&amp;action=history Collaborative edits history of this file at SuperMemopedia]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=SuperMemo_Algorithm&diff=10019 2019-03-06T17:14:34Z

<p>SMBeta: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>== Algorithm SM-18 ==<br /> <br /> SuperMemo had a fertile impact on the research of modeling long-term memory. One of the most interesting fruits of that research is the [http://www.super-memory.com/english/2vm.htm two component model of long-term memory]. Over the last two decades, it has been hinted on many occasions that the model may provide a sound theoretical basis for a better and more universal approach to [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. Algorithm SM-18 is the most up-to-date implementation of the theory in a practical application. Due to its universal nature, the algorithm should, in the future, find its way to all SuperMemo products.<br /> <br /> For details see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]<br /> <br /> == Historical note: earlier releases of the algorithm ==<br /> <br /> Although the presented algorithm may seem complex, you should find it easier to follow its steps once you understand the evolution of individual concepts such as [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]], matrix of optimum intervals, optimum factors, [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]], mid-interval repetition, stability, retrievability, etc. <br /> <br /> *'''1985''' - Paper-and-pencil version of SuperMemo is formulated ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/beginning.htm#Algorithm Algorithm SM-0]). Repetitions of whole pages of material proceed along a fixed table of intervals. See also: [http://super-memory.com/articles/paper.htm Using SuperMemo without a computer] <br /> *'''1987''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm2.htm First computer implementation] makes it possible to divide material into individual items. Items are classified into difficulty categories by means of [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]]. Each difficulty category has its own optimum spacing of repetitions ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2]) <br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 4 was able to modify the function of optimum intervals depending on the student's performance ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm4.htm Algorithm SM-4]). This was then the first algorithm in which the function of optimal intervals was adaptable<br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 5 replaced the matrix of optimum intervals with the matrix of optimal factors (an optimum factor is the ratio between successive intervals). This approach accelerated the adaptation of the function of optimum intervals ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm5.htm Algorithm SM-5]) <br /> *'''1991''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] derived optimal factors from [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] plotted for each entry of the matrix of optimum factors. This could dramatically speed up the convergence of the function of optimum intervals to its ultimate value ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm6.htm Algorithm SM-6]). This was then the first adaptable algorithm that would use regression to find the best fit to the actual memory performance data. Unlike SuperMemo 5, which could keep converging and diverging depending on the quality of the learning material and the learning process, SuperMemo 6 would get closer to the student's ultimate memory model with each day of learning <br /> *'''1995''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm8.htm SuperMemo 8] capitalized on data collected by users of [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm7.htm SuperMemo 7] and added a number of improvements that strengthened the theoretical validity of the function of optimum intervals and made it possible to accelerate its adaptation, esp. in the early stages of learning ([http://super-memory.com/english/algsm8.htm Algorithm SM-8]). New concepts: <br /> **replacing [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factors]] with absolute difficulty factors: [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]]. Item difficulty was thus defined in terms of actual properties of human memory, and would not depend on the average difficulty of the learning material <br /> **fast approximation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] from the '''First Grade vs. A-Factor''' correlation graph and '''Grade vs. Forgetting index graph'''. This makes it possible to quickly guess item's difficulty before more data is available <br /> **real-time adjustment of the matrix of optimal factors based on the power approximation of the decline of optimum factors <br /> *'''2002''' - SuperMemo 2002 introduced the first SuperMemo algorithm that is resistant to interference from delay or advancement of repetitions. This makes it possible to safely delay repetitions ('''[[Postpone]]''') or advance repetitions ([[Subset learning|'''Review''']]): <br /> **accounting for delayed repetitions by introducing the concept of repetition categories <br /> **accounting for advanced repetitions by introducing O-Factor decrements derived from the concept of the ''spacing effect'' <br /> *'''2005''' - [http://www.freewarefiles.com/SuperMemo_program_13849.html SuperMemo 2004] introduced boundaries on A and B parameters computed from the '''Grade vs. Forgetting Index''' data. This plugs up a weakness in the algorithm that showed when importing repetitions from other applications (e.g. open source MemAid). If a large number of easy repetitions occurred at unnaturally long intervals (as after pre-training with another application), the graph might show reversed monotonicity that would temporarily affect the estimation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] (the speed of self-correction would be reversely proportional to the amount of flawed data). When boundaries are imposed, self-correction is instant, and the accuracy of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] estimation increases with each repetition executed in SuperMemo <br /> *'''2011 '''- with [[Algorithm SM-15]], SuperMemo 15 eliminated two weaknesses of Algorithm SM-11 that would show up in heavily overloaded collections with very large item delays: <br /> ** [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factors]] now allow of correctly interpreting repetition delays of up to 15 years (previously 60 days only)<br /> ** [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] are now corrected for repetition delays beyond the maximum registered [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factor]] value (preventing failed grades in delayed repetitions decreasing the estimates of the [[Glossary:Optimum interval|optimum interval]] for standardly-scheduled items in the same category)<br /> *'''2015''' - Algorithm SM-17 is a successor to all prior versions of the algorithm in future SuperMemos. It has passed all important benchmarks, and was part of SuperMemo 17 in 2016 <br /> *'''2018''' - '''Algorithm SM-18''' is the newest version of the spaced repetition algorithm introduced in SuperMemo 18. The new algorithm improves the way item difficulty is estimated<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17_FAQs Algorithm SM-17 FAQs]<br /> * [http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2 (first algorithm for spaced repetitions on a computer)]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Comparing_SuperMemo_with_other_applications_based_on_spaced_repetition Comparing SuperMemo with other applications based on spaced repetition]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Spaced_repetition_algorithm_metric Spaced repetition algorithm metric]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/SuperMemo_or_Anki Comparison with algorithm used in Anki]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Open_letter_to_spaced_repetition_developers Open letter to spaced repetition developers]<br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/index.php?title=Algorithm_SM-17&amp;action=history Collaborative edits history of this file at SuperMemopedia]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=SuperMemo_Algorithm&diff=10018 2019-03-06T17:13:36Z

<p>SMBeta: /* See also */</p> <hr /> <div>== Algorithm SM-18 ==<br /> <br /> SuperMemo had a fertile impact on the research of modeling long-term memory. One of the most interesting fruits of that research is the [http://www.super-memory.com/english/2vm.htm two component model of long-term memory]. Over the last two decades, it has been hinted on many occasions that the model may provide a sound theoretical basis for a better and more universal approach to [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. Algorithm SM-18 is the most up-to-date implementation of the theory in a practical application. Due to its universal nature, the algorithm should, in the future, find its way to all SuperMemo products.<br /> <br /> For details see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]<br /> <br /> == Historical note: earlier releases of the algorithm ==<br /> <br /> Although the presented algorithm may seem complex, you should find it easier to follow its steps once you understand the evolution of individual concepts such as [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]], matrix of optimum intervals, optimum factors, [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]], mid-interval repetition, stability, retrievability, etc. <br /> <br /> *'''1985''' - Paper-and-pencil version of SuperMemo is formulated ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/beginning.htm#Algorithm Algorithm SM-0]). Repetitions of whole pages of material proceed along a fixed table of intervals. See also: [http://super-memory.com/articles/paper.htm Using SuperMemo without a computer] <br /> *'''1987''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm2.htm First computer implementation] makes it possible to divide material into individual items. Items are classified into difficulty categories by means of [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]]. Each difficulty category has its own optimum spacing of repetitions ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2]) <br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 4 was able to modify the function of optimum intervals depending on the student's performance ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm4.htm Algorithm SM-4]). This was then the first algorithm in which the function of optimal intervals was adaptable<br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 5 replaced the matrix of optimum intervals with the matrix of optimal factors (an optimum factor is the ratio between successive intervals). This approach accelerated the adaptation of the function of optimum intervals ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm5.htm Algorithm SM-5]) <br /> *'''1991''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] derived optimal factors from [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] plotted for each entry of the matrix of optimum factors. This could dramatically speed up the convergence of the function of optimum intervals to its ultimate value ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm6.htm Algorithm SM-6]). This was then the first adaptable algorithm that would use regression to find the best fit to the actual memory performance data. Unlike SuperMemo 5, which could keep converging and diverging depending on the quality of the learning material and the learning process, SuperMemo 6 would get closer to the student's ultimate memory model with each day of learning <br /> *'''1995''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm8.htm SuperMemo 8] capitalized on data collected by users of [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm7.htm SuperMemo 7] and added a number of improvements that strengthened the theoretical validity of the function of optimum intervals and made it possible to accelerate its adaptation, esp. in the early stages of learning ([http://super-memory.com/english/algsm8.htm Algorithm SM-8]). New concepts: <br /> **replacing [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factors]] with absolute difficulty factors: [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]]. Item difficulty was thus defined in terms of actual properties of human memory, and would not depend on the average difficulty of the learning material <br /> **fast approximation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] from the '''First Grade vs. A-Factor''' correlation graph and '''Grade vs. Forgetting index graph'''. This makes it possible to quickly guess item's difficulty before more data is available <br /> **real-time adjustment of the matrix of optimal factors based on the power approximation of the decline of optimum factors <br /> *'''2002''' - SuperMemo 2002 introduced the first SuperMemo algorithm that is resistant to interference from delay or advancement of repetitions. This makes it possible to safely delay repetitions ('''[[Postpone]]''') or advance repetitions ([[Subset learning|'''Review''']]): <br /> **accounting for delayed repetitions by introducing the concept of repetition categories <br /> **accounting for advanced repetitions by introducing O-Factor decrements derived from the concept of the ''spacing effect'' <br /> *'''2005''' - [http://www.freewarefiles.com/SuperMemo_program_13849.html SuperMemo 2004] introduced boundaries on A and B parameters computed from the '''Grade vs. Forgetting Index''' data. This plugs up a weakness in the algorithm that showed when importing repetitions from other applications (e.g. open source MemAid). If a large number of easy repetitions occurred at unnaturally long intervals (as after pre-training with another application), the graph might show reversed monotonicity that would temporarily affect the estimation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] (the speed of self-correction would be reversely proportional to the amount of flawed data). When boundaries are imposed, self-correction is instant, and the accuracy of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] estimation increases with each repetition executed in SuperMemo <br /> *'''2011 '''- with [[Algorithm SM-15]], SuperMemo 15 eliminated two weaknesses of Algorithm SM-11 that would show up in heavily overloaded collections with very large item delays: <br /> ** [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factors]] now allow of correctly interpreting repetition delays of up to 15 years (previously 60 days only)<br /> ** [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] are now corrected for repetition delays beyond the maximum registered [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factor]] value (preventing failed grades in delayed repetitions decreasing the estimates of the [[Glossary:Optimum interval|optimum interval]] for standardly-scheduled items in the same category)<br /> *'''2015''' - Algorithm SM-17 is a successor to all prior versions of the algorithm in future SuperMemos. It has passed all important benchmarks, and was part of SuperMemo 17 in 2016 <br /> *'''2018''' - '''Algorithm SM-18''' is the newest version of the spaced repetition algorithm introduced in SuperMemo 18. The new algorithm improves the way item difficulty is estimated<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17_FAQs Algorithm SM-17 FAQs]<br /> * [http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Comparing_SuperMemo_with_other_applications_based_on_spaced_repetition Comparing SuperMemo with other applications based on spaced repetition]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Spaced_repetition_algorithm_metric Spaced repetition algorithm metric]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/SuperMemo_or_Anki Comparison with algorithm used in Anki]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Open_letter_to_spaced_repetition_developers Open letter to spaced repetition developers]<br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/index.php?title=Algorithm_SM-17&amp;action=history Collaborative edits history of this file at SuperMemopedia]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=SuperMemo_Algorithm&diff=10017 2019-03-06T17:13:14Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>== Algorithm SM-18 ==<br /> <br /> SuperMemo had a fertile impact on the research of modeling long-term memory. One of the most interesting fruits of that research is the [http://www.super-memory.com/english/2vm.htm two component model of long-term memory]. Over the last two decades, it has been hinted on many occasions that the model may provide a sound theoretical basis for a better and more universal approach to [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. Algorithm SM-18 is the most up-to-date implementation of the theory in a practical application. Due to its universal nature, the algorithm should, in the future, find its way to all SuperMemo products.<br /> <br /> For details see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]<br /> <br /> == Historical note: earlier releases of the algorithm ==<br /> <br /> Although the presented algorithm may seem complex, you should find it easier to follow its steps once you understand the evolution of individual concepts such as [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]], matrix of optimum intervals, optimum factors, [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]], mid-interval repetition, stability, retrievability, etc. <br /> <br /> *'''1985''' - Paper-and-pencil version of SuperMemo is formulated ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/beginning.htm#Algorithm Algorithm SM-0]). Repetitions of whole pages of material proceed along a fixed table of intervals. See also: [http://super-memory.com/articles/paper.htm Using SuperMemo without a computer] <br /> *'''1987''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm2.htm First computer implementation] makes it possible to divide material into individual items. Items are classified into difficulty categories by means of [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factor]]. Each difficulty category has its own optimum spacing of repetitions ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2]) <br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 4 was able to modify the function of optimum intervals depending on the student's performance ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm4.htm Algorithm SM-4]). This was then the first algorithm in which the function of optimal intervals was adaptable<br /> *'''1989''' - SuperMemo 5 replaced the matrix of optimum intervals with the matrix of optimal factors (an optimum factor is the ratio between successive intervals). This approach accelerated the adaptation of the function of optimum intervals ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm5.htm Algorithm SM-5]) <br /> *'''1991''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] derived optimal factors from [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] plotted for each entry of the matrix of optimum factors. This could dramatically speed up the convergence of the function of optimum intervals to its ultimate value ([http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm6.htm Algorithm SM-6]). This was then the first adaptable algorithm that would use regression to find the best fit to the actual memory performance data. Unlike SuperMemo 5, which could keep converging and diverging depending on the quality of the learning material and the learning process, SuperMemo 6 would get closer to the student's ultimate memory model with each day of learning <br /> *'''1995''' - [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm8.htm SuperMemo 8] capitalized on data collected by users of [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm6.htm SuperMemo 6] and [http://super-memory.com/articles/soft/sm7.htm SuperMemo 7] and added a number of improvements that strengthened the theoretical validity of the function of optimum intervals and made it possible to accelerate its adaptation, esp. in the early stages of learning ([http://super-memory.com/english/algsm8.htm Algorithm SM-8]). New concepts: <br /> **replacing [[Glossary:E-Factor|E-Factors]] with absolute difficulty factors: [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]]. Item difficulty was thus defined in terms of actual properties of human memory, and would not depend on the average difficulty of the learning material <br /> **fast approximation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] from the '''First Grade vs. A-Factor''' correlation graph and '''Grade vs. Forgetting index graph'''. This makes it possible to quickly guess item's difficulty before more data is available <br /> **real-time adjustment of the matrix of optimal factors based on the power approximation of the decline of optimum factors <br /> *'''2002''' - SuperMemo 2002 introduced the first SuperMemo algorithm that is resistant to interference from delay or advancement of repetitions. This makes it possible to safely delay repetitions ('''[[Postpone]]''') or advance repetitions ([[Subset learning|'''Review''']]): <br /> **accounting for delayed repetitions by introducing the concept of repetition categories <br /> **accounting for advanced repetitions by introducing O-Factor decrements derived from the concept of the ''spacing effect'' <br /> *'''2005''' - [http://www.freewarefiles.com/SuperMemo_program_13849.html SuperMemo 2004] introduced boundaries on A and B parameters computed from the '''Grade vs. Forgetting Index''' data. This plugs up a weakness in the algorithm that showed when importing repetitions from other applications (e.g. open source MemAid). If a large number of easy repetitions occurred at unnaturally long intervals (as after pre-training with another application), the graph might show reversed monotonicity that would temporarily affect the estimation of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] (the speed of self-correction would be reversely proportional to the amount of flawed data). When boundaries are imposed, self-correction is instant, and the accuracy of [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]] estimation increases with each repetition executed in SuperMemo <br /> *'''2011 '''- with [[Algorithm SM-15]], SuperMemo 15 eliminated two weaknesses of Algorithm SM-11 that would show up in heavily overloaded collections with very large item delays: <br /> ** [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factors]] now allow of correctly interpreting repetition delays of up to 15 years (previously 60 days only)<br /> ** [[Glossary:Forgetting curve|forgetting curves]] are now corrected for repetition delays beyond the maximum registered [[Glossary:U-Factor|U-Factor]] value (preventing failed grades in delayed repetitions decreasing the estimates of the [[Glossary:Optimum interval|optimum interval]] for standardly-scheduled items in the same category)<br /> *'''2015''' - Algorithm SM-17 is a successor to all prior versions of the algorithm in future SuperMemos. It has passed all important benchmarks, and was part of SuperMemo 17 in 2016 <br /> *'''2018''' - '''Algorithm SM-18''' is the newest version of the spaced repetition algorithm introduced in SuperMemo 18. The new algorithm improves the way item difficulty is estimated<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17_FAQs Algorithm SM-17 FAQs]<br /> * [[Algorithm SM-15|SuperMemo Algorithm SM-15]]<br /> * [http://super-memory.com/english/ol/sm2.htm Algorithm SM-2]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Comparing_SuperMemo_with_other_applications_based_on_spaced_repetition Comparing SuperMemo with other applications based on spaced repetition]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Spaced_repetition_algorithm_metric Spaced repetition algorithm metric]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/SuperMemo_or_Anki Comparison with algorithm used in Anki]<br /> * [http://supermemopedia.com/wiki/Open_letter_to_spaced_repetition_developers Open letter to spaced repetition developers]<br /> * [http://www.supermemopedia.com/index.php?title=Algorithm_SM-17&amp;action=history Collaborative edits history of this file at SuperMemopedia]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=SuperMemo_Algorithm&diff=10016 2019-03-06T17:09:44Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>SuperMemo had a fertile impact on the research of modeling long-term memory. One of the most interesting fruits of that research is the [http://www.super-memory.com/english/2vm.htm two component model of long-term memory]. Over the last two decades, it has been hinted on many occasions that the model may provide a sound theoretical basis for a better and more universal approach to [[Glossary:Spaced_repetition|spaced repetition]]. Algorithm SM-18 is the most up-to-date implementation of the theory in a practical application. Due to its universal nature, the algorithm should, in the future, find its way to all SuperMemo products.<br /> <br /> For details see: [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-18 Algorithm SM-18]</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Glossary:D-Factor&diff=10015 2019-03-06T17:07:03Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>;&lt;span id=&quot;D-Factor&quot;&gt;D-Factor&lt;/span&gt;<br /> :decline of [[Glossary:O-Factor|O-Factors]] with successive [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] can be approximated with a power curve that begins at O-Factor that equals [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]]. D-Factors are no longer used in [[SuperMemo Algorithm]]. When a power regression is used to compute [[Glossary:O-Factor|O-Factors]] on the basis of [[Glossary:R-Factor|R-Factors]] for successive [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] in a single A-Factor category, the decay constant of the resulting function is called a '''D-Factor'''. You can see individual '''D-Factors''' for all [[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factors]] in '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#Graphs|Graphs]] : D-Factor vs. A-Factor'''. The larger the '''D-Factor''' the faster the decline of [[Glossary:O-Factor|O-Factors]] with each [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. This means that large '''D-Factors''' imply more frequent [[Glossary:Repetition|repetitions]] in a given difficulty category. Naturally, over time, '''D-Factors''' tend to be lower for easy item categories (unless [[Glossary:O-Factor|O-Factors]] hit their minimum value of 1.2 for very difficult [[Glossary:Item|items]]). ''D'' in D-Factor stands for ''decay'' (it is a decay constant of the negative power function)</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Memory_graphs_(4D)&diff=10013 2019-03-06T10:47:24Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> <br /> [[What's new in SuperMemo 17?|SuperMemo 17]] uses a new spaced repetition algorithm denoted [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 Algorithm SM-17]. Unlike all prior algorithms that were either theoretical or &quot;inspired by data&quot;, this algorithm has been developed entirely on the basis of prior records of repetitions collected by users of SuperMemo. This data-driven effort required untold hours of analysis while processing millions of repetition samples. '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Memory|Memory]] : 4D Graphs''' was instrumental in that analysis and debugging process. If you want to understand the algorithm and help improve it further, please study those tools and keep analyzing your own data and your own memory. In a stochastic system of memory, perfection is impossible, but we should always try to come closer to the optimum.<br /> <br /> '''Important:''' To see nice graphs as shown in the [[#Pictures|pictures below]], you need to use a [[Glossary:Collection|collection]] with a mature learning process. New collections have no memory data to show.<br /> <br /> == Available memory graphs ==<br /> <br /> All memory graphs provide a 3-dimensional view with rotation along all 3 axes (X, Y and Z), and a slider for animation in the 4th dimension along [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]].<br /> <br /> The following memory graphs are available with '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Memory|Memory]] : 4D Graphs''' on its individual tabs:<br /> <br /> * '''Stability''': the function that tells you how much [[Glossary:Stability|memory stability]] increases with a [[Glossary:Repetition|repetition]]. If you click '''Compute''', all [[Repetition history|repetition histories]] will be scanned to compute the [[Glossary:Stability_increase_matrix|SInc[] matrix]]. For a given [[Glossary:Difficulty|item difficulty]], the increase depends on [[Glossary:Stability|stability]] and [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievabilty]]. To view the 4-th dimension of [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]], slide the thumb on the '''Difficulty''' slider. See [[#Stability increase function|example]]<br /> * '''Approximation''': approximation of the function represented by the [[Glossary:Stability_increase_matrix|stability increase matrix]]. If you click '''Compute''', SuperMemo will look for the best fit to data (which is the SInc[] matrix computed on the '''Stability''' tab). See [[#Stability increase function approximation|example]]<br /> * '''Recall''': the function that tells you how well actual recall corresponds with [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] predicted by SuperMemo. The difference between comes primarily from the difficulty in [http://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm formulating perfect items] that would produce purely exponential forgetting. In addition, SuperMemo itself is far from perfect in sorting [[Glossary:Item|items]] by [[Glossary:Difficulty|difficulty]]. See [[#Recall|example]]<br /> * '''Recall Approx''': approximation of the function represented by the [[Glossary:Recall_matrix|Recall[] matrix]]. If you click '''Compute''', SuperMemo will look for the best fit to data (which is the Recall[] matrix computed on the '''Recall''' tab). See [[#Recall approximation|example]]<br /> * '''First Interval''': the function that illustrates [[Glossary:Post-lapse_stability|post-lapse stability]] depending on the number of [[Glossary:Lapse|lapses]] and [[Glossary:Retrievability|retrievability]] at failure. It is the equivalent of the first-interval graph extended into the retrievability dimension. [[Glossary:Retrievability|Retrievability]] is important in that a failure at low retrievability does not need to signify the [[Glossary:Item|item]] is difficult and [[Glossary:Post-lapse_stability|post-lapse stability]] is low. See [[#First interval|example]]<br /> * '''Int. Approx''': approximation of the function represented by post-lapse stability matrix. If you click '''Compute''', SuperMemo will look for the best fit to data (which is the post-lapse matrix computed on the '''First Interval''' tab). See [[#First interval approximation|example]]<br /> * '''Sleep''': correlation between recall and the [[SleepChart#Two-component_sleep_model|two components of sleep]]. This is a 2-dimensional graph that combines [[SleepChart#Alertness|'''Alertness (H)''' and '''Alertness (C)''']] of '''[[Sleep Chart]]'''. As the data is not part of Algorithm SM-17 optimization, you need to click '''Compute''' to collect data needed to display this graph<br /> * '''Forgetting''': 3D [[Glossary:Forgetting_curve|forgetting curves]] collected by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. This is the same graph as the one displayed by '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#3-D Curves|3-D Curves]]''' with the added benefit of 3-axis rotation in space and '''[[Glossary:A-Factor|A-Factor]]''' slider for the 4th dimension.<br /> * '''RF Matrix''': 3D [[Glossary:RF_matrix|RF matrix]] collected by [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 Algorithm SM-15]. This is the same graph as the one displayed by '''[[Toolkit menu|Toolkit]] : [[Toolkit menu#Statistics|Statistics]] : [[Analysis]] : [[Analysis#3-D Graphs|3-D Graphs]] : R-Factor Matrix''' with the added benefit of 3-axis rotation in space<br /> <br /> == Graph analysis controls ==<br /> <br /> * '''X''', '''Y''', '''Z''' axis rotation (top 3 sliders)<br /> * '''Difficulty''' slider (for animation in the 4th dimension)<br /> * Repetition cases in consideration (bottom slider)<br /> * '''Cases''': the label showing the total number of repetition cases in consideration<br /> * '''Compute''': recompute the graph using the data in the [[Glossary:Collection|collection]]<br /> * '''Reset''': reset the memory matrices<br /> * '''Smoothing''': average neighboring entries in matrices<br /> * '''Subset''': select a [[Glossary:Element_subset|subset of elements]] for which matrices should be computed<br /> * '''Reset Cases''': reset the count of repetition cases without changing the data (i.e. values of entries in matrices)<br /> * '''Export''': export data for analysis in Excel<br /> * '''Average''' checkbox: the &quot;golden mean&quot; average of the data with:<br /> *# the best-fit approximation, and<br /> *# data-rich neighboring entries in proportion to available information<br /> <br /> == Pictures ==<br /> <br /> === Stability increase function ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Stability increase function.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: 3D graph of SInc[] matrix based on 60,167 repetition cases for items with difficulty=0.5]]<br /> {{:Image:Stability increase function.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Stability increase function contour map ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[Image:Stability increase function contour map.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: A &quot;from above&quot; view at the SInc[] matrix providing a contour map]]<br /> {{:Image:Stability increase function contour map.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Stability increase approximation ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Stability increase function approximation.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Approximating the SInc[] matrix with the best-fit function used by default in SuperMemo to compute the increase in stability (e.g. in cases of lack of data)]]<br /> {{File:Stability increase function approximation.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recall ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Recall.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: The Recall[] matrix graph showing actual recall differs from predicted retrievability]]<br /> {{:File:Recall.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recall approximation ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Recall approximation.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Approximating the Recall[] matrix with the best-fit function to compute default recall in conditions of data scarcity]]<br /> {{:File:Recall approximation.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recall approximation curve ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Recall approximation curve.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: Approximating the Recall[] matrix with the best-fit function to compute default recall in conditions of data scarcity]]<br /> {{:File:Recall approximation curve.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === First interval ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:Post-lapse stability.jpg|800px|SuperMemo: The relationship between the first interval after failure, retrievability at review, and prior memory lapse count]]<br /> {{:File:Post-lapse stability.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> === First interval approximation ===<br /> <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> [[File:First interval approximation.jpg|800px|SuperMemo Approximating the impact of retrievability and memory lapses on the post-lapse stability]]<br /> {{:File:First interval approximation.jpg}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=What%27s_new_in_SuperMemo_18%3F&diff=9962 2019-03-05T05:37:29Z

<p>SMBeta: /* Learning */</p> <hr /> <div>== Update ==<br /> <br /> '''valid as for Aug 5, 2018'''<br /> <br /> == Learning ==<br /> * '''[[SuperMemo Algorithm|Algorithm SM-18]]''' with a new approach to determining item difficulty<br /> * new [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Universal_metric_for_cross-comparison_of_spaced_repetition_algorithms universal algorithm metric]<br /> * simplified editing of repetition histories (e.g. ''Aug 15, 1995'' or ''Int=6'' are allowed instead of full repetition data)<br /> * recalibrating [[SuperMemo Algorithm]] to rely on ''E(SInc[])'' rather than ''SInc[]''<br /> * maximum interval increased to 120 years (previously 10,000 days, i.e. 37 years)<br /> * repetition history can be used to override learning parameters<br /> * '''Undo Repetition''' (items are made pending when the last record is deleted)<br /> * grade undo is possible by editing the last repetition history record (or '''Undo Repetition''')<br /> <br /> == Interface ==<br /> * 40 predefined themes (''skins'')<br /> * each collection can use its own theme (''skin'')<br /> * all toolbars available as tabs at the bottom of the element window<br /> * parenting [[browser]] with [[element window]] make it possible to use all its shortcuts<br /> <br /> == Performance ==<br /> * SuperMemo 18 has been recompiled with Delphi 10.2 Tokyo<br /> * minimizing add on units to capitalize on native Delphi support<br /> * resetting statistics at Memorized=0 does not reset the collection, only deletes files<br /> <br /> == Bugs fixed ==<br /> * ''https://'' image import could fail for not ''http://'' equivalent<br /> * occasionally, RTF files would fail to upgrade to HTML (old format retained)<br /> * '''Alarm : Start''' could instantly raise the alarm for time&gt;0<br /> <br /> == Warnings ==<br /> * No more floating toolbars<br /> * No more toolbar dock<br /> * No more translation import and export via text<br /> * '''Window:Select:Next window''' removed<br /> * No more ''stray repetition'' export from repetition history<br /> * Additional repetition history warnings ''Wrong repetition, grade and lapses match'' can only be fixed manually (e.g. '''Fix and Edit''')<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> * simplified code with a great deal of refactoring</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=Algorithm_SM-17&diff=9961 2019-03-05T05:36:12Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>For the description of '''Algorithm SM-17''' see [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-17 SuperMemo Guru].</div>

SMBeta https://help18.whiz.me/index.php?title=SuperMemo_Algorithm_SM-15&diff=9960 2019-03-05T05:33:09Z

<p>SMBeta: </p> <hr /> <div>For the description of '''Algorithm SM-15''' see [https://supermemo.guru/wiki/Algorithm_SM-15 SuperMemo Guru].</div>

SMBeta